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COST-BENEFIT RATIO. "Most higher eukaryotes engage in sexual reproduction, at least part of the time." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.1516/full View in LinkedIn

BENEFITS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION. "Given the ubiquity of sexual reproduction, combined with the fact that the few known truly asexual lineages appear to be of relatively recent origin and therefore may be doomed to more rapid extinction, it is expected that sex must confer benefits." http://www.mycologia.org/content/105/1/1.full View in LinkedIn

SPECIES AS UNIT OF SELECTION. "However, despite numerous experimental studies, such pressures in favor of sexual lineages have never been demonstrated. It would thus be a selection at the species level: a selection for species unable to lose sex because of constraints, and not a short-term advantage of sex." https://lnkd.in/dV7ZdGm View in LinkedIn

THE FECUNDITY OFFSET. The conundrum for facultatively sexual organisms: “Why engage in sex if very few of your progeny might even attain the well adapted genotype of either parent? One way to obviate this cost is to have very many progeny, such that at least one approximates the fitness of the most fit parent." http://www.mycologia.org/content/105/1/1.full View in LinkedIn

ALLELE INVASION. "We demonstrate that obligate sex can evolve in finite diploid populations in the presence of sexual selection, with or without a long-term advantage. We find a parameter range allowing the invasion of a rare obligate allele into a facultative population. The invasion is more likely to occur when mutation rate is high, the cost of sex is low, sexual selection is strong, and the facultative individuals rarely reproduce sexually. Sexual selection is critical to the results." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.1516/full View in LinkedIn

RISKS OF RESHUFFLING. "One of the lesser appreciated but well established costs of sexual reproduction is that it breaks apart well adapted genomic configurations that have run the gauntlet of adaptive Darwinian selection." http://www.mycologia.org/content/105/1/1.full View in LinkedIn

CONTIGUOUS CONDITION. "Recently, it has been shown that sexual selection allows an allele for increased sexual reproduction to invade a facultative population as long as sexual selection and natural selection are acting in the same direction." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.1516/full View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this curation of resource allocation. Sources and sinks in plants is a powerful concept, but equally applies to other kingdoms as well as intracellular competition for limited resources. In recent years we have learned that multicellular organisms are communities of hybrid cells, as well as ecosystems of numerous inhabitants. That competition between hybrids and species exists at all levels is therefore not surprising. View in LinkedIn

COMPETING MALE THEORY. "One likely candidate for influencing the evolution of obligate sex is sexual selection, the process by which individuals of one sex, typically the males, compete over mating opportunities. If individuals pick the best mates they can find rather than mating randomly then sexual populations can gain an advantage over asexual ones." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.1516/full View in LinkedIn

DEVELOPMENTAL RIGIDITY. "When a wing imaginal disc of Drosophila is transplanted to the abdomen of an adult fly, it grows to the same size that it would have if it had been left in place in its normal larval environment." http://www.pnas.org/content/95/7/3685.full View in LinkedIn