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NOVEL GENE SETS. "Genetic recombination is the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent. In eukaryotes, genetic recombination during meiosis can lead to a novel set of genetic information that can be passed on from the parents to the offspring." https://lnkd.in/egNsFFi View in LinkedIn

SEX AND TRAIT SELECTION. "Better support for adaptation providing a “gene-level” advantage to sex comes from survey studies showing that recombination tends to increase as an incidental by-product of directional selection on other traits." https://lnkd.in/ePUmiA8 View in LinkedIn

RED QUEEN "is an allusion to Lewis Carroll’s novel Through the Looking Glass in which the character the Red Queen must run as fast as she can just to stay in the same place, and in the evolutionary analogy sexual reproduction enables organisms to just keep ahead in the co-evolutionary race with the pathogens that afflict them." http://www.mycologia.org/content/105/1/1.full View in LinkedIn

RED QUEEN. "More recently, an additional hypothesis has been advanced that sex might enable organisms to escape or outrun pathogens. This is termed the Red Queen hypothesis." http://www.mycologia.org/content/105/1/1.full View in LinkedIn

ENERGY, PHENOTYPE AND EMERGENCE. "In such natural processes, everything depends on everything else, and phenotypes are emergent properties of their systems." http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/11/94/20131017 View in LinkedIn

FREE ENERGY AND PHENOTYPE. "Thus, genes are merely a means of specifying polypeptides: those that serve free energy consumption in a given surroundings contribute to cellular phenotype as determined by the phenotype." http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/11/94/20131017 View in LinkedIn

REGENERATION MEMORY. "When the limb of a salamander, or the liver of a mouse, is partially amputated, the remainder regenerates to its normal size and shape even though the context in which this regeneration occurs is very different from that in which the structure developed initially." http://www.pnas.org/content/95/7/3685.full View in LinkedIn

CONTRARIAN VIEW. "It is proposed that light can be shed on these questions by viewing evolution and organisms as natural processes contingent on the second law of thermodynamics, equivalent to the principle of least action in its original form. Consequently, natural selection acts on variation in any mechanism that consumes energy from the environment rather than on genetic variation." http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/11/94/20131017 View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE concludes this weekend on the theme of competition and resource allocation. At all levels of living creatures, from different species in ecosystems — from identical populations, from individual organs, from the cells within the body, from the ecosystem of organelles in cells, to the very genes — there is evidence of competition for key limited resources. These nested hierarchies of communities of living parts all appear to play out a dance between natural selection versus preferential resource allocation. View in LinkedIn

NEW CRITERION OF SELECTION. "We conclude that the least-time free energy consumption in respective surroundings, as the general criterion of natural selection, determines also sexual and asexual modes of reproduction." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0303264712001700 View in LinkedIn