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GENE SPLITTING. "New gene structures may be formed by splitting existing genes. Wang et al., for example, found that gene duplication is an intermediate stage in an evolutionary process leading to gene fission." https://lnkd.in/g5PeHKe View in LinkedIn

SECONDING OF EXISTING GENES. "Muller predicted that a new duplicate copy of a gene could acquire a novel function and be preserved in the genome, and further that “there remains no reason to doubt the application of the dictum ‘all life from pre-existing life’ and ‘every cell from a pre-existing cell’ to the gene: ‘every gene from a pre-existing gene.’” https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

WILD MUSICAL CHAIRS. "In addition, retroposed sequences may jump into or near existing genes and recruit existing exons, or be recruited into an existing coding sequence." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

GENE LIFE CYCLES. "Genes are perpetually added to and deleted from genomes during evolution." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

CHIMERIC GENES. "Exons and domains could be recombined to produce new chimeric genes. Chimeric proteins formed by gene recombination have been found in many organisms since their discovery in the LDL receptor gene, including yeast, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, mammals, and plants, and are estimated to have contributed ~19% of new exons in eukaryotes." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

SEX IN EMERGENCIES. "It has also been pointed out that for a single cell the costs of meiosis are high due to the time and effort it has to invest and that, in protists, sexual reproduction is often associated with their survival of harsh periods." https://lnkd.in/deZ8DED View in LinkedIn

ROTIFERS AND CILIATES. "Although meiotic sex was lost in a few multicellular lineages millions of years ago, they constitute rare exceptions. These lineages represent easily amenable multicellular systems, and population genetic analysis showed that they do not suffer from the lack of genetic diversity, which is retained among different clones." https://lnkd.in/deZ8DED View in LinkedIn

CASE STUDY. "If we accept the view that any costly nonadvantageous mechanism is subject to eventual loss, sex retention proves its usefulness, and bdelloid rotifers and ciliates, possibly having done without sex over an extended time period, might enlighten us regarding that use." https://lnkd.in/deZ8DED View in LinkedIn

GENES, CELLS, AND NUCLEI. "In the excitement over the recognition of meiosis-associated genes all over the eukaryotic phylogenetic tree, one might forget that fusion of both cells and nuclei is also critical during the sexual cycle. However, gamete fusion (plasmogamy) and nuclear fusion (karyogamy) have been studied much less than meiosis." https://lnkd.in/deZ8DED View in LinkedIn

EUKS AND MEIOSIS. "In summary, long-term asexuality is rare, and there is growing consensus that meiotic sex was present in the LECA and remains so in all major eukaryotic lineages." (LECA = last eukaryotic common ancestor), https://lnkd.in/deZ8DED View in LinkedIn