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IDEAS TOO RADICAL. "Throughout her career, Margulis’ work could arouse intense objection (one grant application elicited the response, "Your research is crap, do not bother to apply again"), and her formative paper, "On the Origin of Mitosing Cells," appeared in 1967 after being rejected by about fifteen journals." https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Margulis View in LinkedIn

MARGULIS'S ENDOSYMBIOSIS THEORY. "Although the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic plastids and mitochondrial organelles is now beyond serious question, the actual process by which bacteria transformed into highly integrated and derived organelles remains contentious. New work in aphids shows that a nuclear-encoded protein resulting from a horizontal gene transfer is targeted to a bacterial symbiont, further blurring the distinction between organelle and symbiont.” https://lnkd.in/d9nk9wh View in LinkedIn

LYNN MARGULIS won fame and notoriety for her evolutionary theory of engulfment leading to the formation of the mitochondria and chloroplast. "Margulis transformed and fundamentally framed current understanding of the evolution of cells with nuclei – an event Ernst Mayr called "perhaps the most important and dramatic event in the history of life" – by proposing it to have been the result of symbiotic mergers of bacteria." (Bacteria of different species, hybrids). https://lnkd.in/et3gdfj View in LinkedIn

TORNARÍA LARVAE, a video of these other-worldly little creatures that could as easily be from Mars. They are the daily companions of marine biologists like Doc in Steinbeck’s Cannery Row. https://lnkd.in/d-k_UHZ View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE is a curious story, wherein an old fashioned marine biologist, Donald Williamson, presents rather radical ideas that his peers vilify, hang draw and quarter. Williamson obtained the support of Lynn Margulis for a theory that rather closely resembles her own (endosymbiosis) that was equally vilified before going prime time. This story is less about the veracity of Williamson's theory than about how much scientists hate change. https://lnkd.in/d-vV-rd View in LinkedIn

THE FLAW. "By the late l960's it became apparent to us and others that Carrel's claim to have cultured chick fibroblast cells for 34 years was spurious. It had to be assumed that Carrel's chick cultures consisted of normal cells because no one has ever reported a spontaneously arising transformed chicken cell strain free of oncogenic viruses. Several reports of alleged immortal chick cell lines have appeared, but all have been associated with oncogenic viruses, chemical carcinogens or radiation." http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

MYTH SUPPORTED. "In the years that followed Carrel's observations, support for the interpretation of his experiments seemed to emerge from several laboratories where it was observed that cell populations from other species, including humans, also seemed to have the striking ability to replicate apparently indefinitely." http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

SEEDS OF A MYTH. "Early in this century, Alexis Carrel, a noted cell culturist, surgeon and Nobel Laureate, described experiments purporting to show that fibroblasts derived from chick heart tissue could be cultured serially indefinitely. The culture was voluntarily terminated after 34 years. This finding sparked intense interest world-wide not only in the scientific community but in the lay press as well." http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

PLEA FOR SANITY. "We all believe that scientists with unpopular ideas need not suffer repression. We suspect that many marine zoologists have noted similar phenomena as those unified by Williamson's theory." And it is all amenable to experimental validation." (Foreword). https://books.google.es/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4Bv_CAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=evolution+of+larval+stage&ots=Ajv40BxpV8&sig=UoAuSNQhyUJxvYurqij18mPF3GM View in LinkedIn

BUN FIGHT. "At the conference where Tauber invited Williamson to present, Fred rose up and assessed his audience -- including some apoplectic sea urchinologists: either we were all privy to an historic moment (as the Haeckel phylogeny itself went extinct to be replaced by that drawn by Williamson), or else Williamson would be recorded as an ordinarily competent and diligent zoologist, who lived with animals by the seaside for 30 years, and whose mistake should be forgiven in the light of his standard contributions." https://books.google.es/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4Bv_CAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=evolution+of+larval+stage&ots=Ajv40BxpV8&sig=UoAuSNQhyUJxvYurqij18mPF3GM View in LinkedIn