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TENABLE. "I think it is fair to say that our suggestion that the Phase III Phenomenon is aging at the cell level is still a tenable hypothesis even after thirty years of study. That is not to say that it has been proven unequivocally to be correct. This has not happened because there are no universally accepted criteria for defining biological aging." http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

HELD TRUE. "Aging and death is the inevitable consequence after about fifty population doublings." Worth repeating; called the Hayflick number. http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

PHASE III PHENOMENON. "We showed that when normal human embryonic cells are grown under the most favorable conditions, aging and death is the inevitable consequence after about fifty population doublings. We called this the Phase III Phenomenon." http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

"IMMORTAL CELL populations derived from a variety of human and animal tissues were reported to occur spontaneously in dozens of laboratories in the twenty year period from the early 1940's to the early l960's. These cell populations, now numbering in the hundreds, are best known by the prototype cell lines HeLa (derived from a human cervical carcinoma in 1952) and L cells (derived from mouse mesenchyme in 1943). They continue to flourish in cell culture laboratories throughout the world to this day." The source of some legal controversy for HeLa cells. http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

PROPERTIES OF MORTAL CELLS #1. "If derived from human embryos, cell strains undergo about 50 population doublings. The potential cell yield from 50 population doublings is about 20 million metric tons." http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

LACK OF CONFIRMATION. "No one has ever confirmed Carrel's work even to the extent of keeping continuously proliferating normal chick cells alive for as short a period of time as two or three years. Since confirmation is lacking and the scientific method demands this, Carrel's studies are invalid." A little harsh? http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

CLEAR DISTINCTION. "All normal cells both in vitro and in vivo are mortal and that abnormal cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo are immortal." Cancerous cells are heteroploid while normal cells are diploid. http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this snippet about apoplectic marine embryologists who were horrified with Williamson’s new ideas that challenged Darwin’s idea of the pure species. The occurrence of viable hybridization has been found to occur widely in plants, to the horror of older botanists, needing a total revampt of some plant family taxonomies. Now, in invertebrates, hybridization is being widely reported as well. Hybridization is barely an evolutionary dead end. View in LinkedIn

Darwin comes to town: how cities are creating new species https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/jul/23/darwin-comes-to-town-how-cities-are-creating-new-species?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other View in LinkedIn

IN REMEMBRANCE, Donald Williamson. https://lnkd.in/dMuCrxm View in LinkedIn