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HUMAN ALU REPEAT. “Over 5% of the mammalian genome consists of short interspersed elements (SINEs), typified by the human Alu repeat. These are RNA polymerase III transcribed sequences whose expression is usually silenced. However, upon prolonged exposure to DNA damaging agents that predominantly cause double strand breaks, transcription from the human Alu elements and murine SINEs is strongly induced.” http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2013.00136/full View in LinkedIn

DNA DAMAGE RESPONSE. “Several different types of non-coding RNAs have been implicated in the DNA damage response. For example, many microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate genes that are involved in the DNA damage response." http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2013.00136/full View in LinkedIn

IMPORTANT REVIEW. “Here we will discuss how non-coding RNAs contribute to the relationships among chromatin structure, genomic integrity, and cellular senescence." http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2013.00136/full View in LinkedIn

CHROMATIN. “Given the critical role of chromatin in regulating genomic stability and gene expression, it is tempting to speculate that some of the changes in gene expression and genomic integrity that occur during aging may be caused by the global changes to the chromatin structure that accompany aging.” http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2013.00136/full View in LinkedIn

DAMAGE CONTROL. “Genomic stability is closely intertwined with the chromatin structure. The chromatin structure not only regulates the accessibility of DNA damaging agents to the genome, but also plays critical roles in the signaling of DNA lesions and their repair.” http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2013.00136/full View in LinkedIn

REVERSE VIEW. “I would like to suggest an alternative hypothesis for the role of telomeres in aging. I propose that the shortening of telomeres in normal dividing cells is not an expression of aging, but rather an expression of longevity determination. The distinction between longevity determination and aging is significant.” http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

APPLICATIONS. “The observation that telomerase is qualitatively expressed only in cancer cells or is expressed quantitatively less per cell in differentiating cells has sparked interest in finding inhibitors of telomerase as a novel approach to cancer therapy.” http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

SECOND EXCEPTION. “How do the cells composing immortal populations avoid telomere shortening that, if it occurs, would lead to their demise? They found that telomeres are synthesized de novo by telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that extends the 3´ end of telomeres and thus elongates them. This ribonucleoprotein complex contains a reverse transcriptase and RNA template for the synthesis of the repeated sequence. Telomerase was later found to occur in extracts of immortal human cells.” http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

ANCIENT BACTERIA AND LONGEVITY. “The gerontogenes are classified as lifespan regulators, mediators, effectors, housekeeping genes, genes involved in mitochondrial function, and genes regulating cellular senescence and apoptosis. In this review we demonstrate that the majority of the genes as well as genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that are involved in regulation of longevity are highly interconnected and related to stress response.” The mitochondrion originated from an engulfed bacteria. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.4161/cc.28433 View in LinkedIn

THE AGING CLOCK. “Telomeric shortening, which occurs in several classes of dividing normal somatic cells, may be the replicometer that determines the number of times that a normal cell is able to divide. Once a critical or threshold number of telomeric TTAGGG repeats is reached, cells will then be unable to divide.” http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn