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LEAN TIME EXTENSION. "The IGF-1 signaling pathway is involved in regulating life span in several model organisms, including...nematodes, and rodents. Several loci interact in what the authors term a “survival pathway”. The authors suggest that this pathway is activated to “survive unfavorable conditions in an effort to reproduce at a later time” View in LinkedIn

GENETIC DEATH. "In several model organisms, the specific genes influencing life span have been identified and there are now numerous examples where a molecular network promotes fitness early in life only to result in senescence and decreased fitness later. These are the genetic mechanisms for the Anatagonistic Pleiotropy (AP) hypothesis." View in LinkedIn

“A PRIORI, there is no privileged level of causation.” http://rsfs.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/2/1/55 View in LinkedIn

THE ISSUE OF DIRECTIONALITY. “Must higher level biological processes always be derivable from lower level data and mechanisms, as assumed by the idea that an organism is completely defined by its genome? Or are higher level properties necessarily also causes of lower level behaviour, involving actions and interactions both ways?” http://rsfs.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/2/1/55 View in LinkedIn

A BLUEPRINT FOR LIFE? “Are organisms encoded as molecular descriptions in their genes?’ And, second, ‘by analysing the genome, could we solve the forward problem of computing the behaviour of the system from this information, as was implied by the original idea of the “genetic program” and the more modern representation of the genome as the “book of life”?...The answer to both questions was ‘no’.” https://lnkd.in/dAdQzhV View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE features the thinking of Professor Denis Nobel, the brilliant polymath Oxford University academic, in his article entitled: “A theory of biological relativity: no privileged level of causation.” Denis Nobel is an exceptional and original thinker. Enjoy these philosophical ruminations. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Noble View in LinkedIn

CELL SPECIFICITY WITH SINGLE CODE. “Which proteins and RNAs are made when and where is not fully specified. This is why it is possible for the 200 or so different cell types in an organism such as the human to make those cell types using exactly the same genome. A heart cell is made using precisely the same genome in its nucleus as a bone cell, a liver cell, pancreatic cell, etc.” http://rsfs.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/2/1/55 View in LinkedIn

READ-ONLY VERSUS READ-WRITE. “But the genome is not a fixed program in the sense in which such a computer program was defined when Jacob and Monod introduced their idea of ‘le programme génétique’. It is rather a ‘read–write’ memory that can be organized in response to cellular and environmental signals.” http://rsfs.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/2/1/55 View in LinkedIn

TEMPLATED WORLD. “So what does the genome cause? The coding sequences form a list of proteins and RNAs that might be made in a given organism. These parts of the genome form a database of templates.” http://rsfs.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/2/1/55 View in LinkedIn

APPARENT GENE PRIMACY. “The sequences of DNA triplets form templates for the production of different amino acid sequences in proteins. Amino acid sequences do not form templates for the production of DNA sequences. That, in essence, is what was shown. The template works in only one direction, which makes the gene appear primary.” http://rsfs.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/2/1/55 View in LinkedIn