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SCALE VERSUS LEVEL. “If there is no privileged level of causation, then why should there be a privileged scale?” http://rsfs.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/2/1/55 View in LinkedIn

GOBSMACKING FACTOID. “The number of possible interactions between 25 000 genes exceeds the total number of elementary particles in the whole-known Universe, even when we severely restrict the numbers of gene products that can interact with each other.” http://rsfs.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/2/1/55 View in LinkedIn

DEATH AND GENERATION OF COMPLEXITY. "Programmed cell death plays a central role in development, participating in particular in morphogenesis (the sculpting of the form of embryos), in sexual differentiation, and in the epigenetic self-organization processes that allow the emergence of the two most complex regulatory organs of our body, the immune system and the nervous system." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

"CELL SUICIDE plays an essential role in the maintenance of the genetic identity and the integrity of the body, by inducing the rapid elimination of altered cells." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL DEATH PROMPTS. "At another level, each individual cell may be considered as a complex entity, a 'society' by itself, a mingling of heterogeneous organelles and components that behaves as a whole. And self-destruction can occur not only as a response to signals originating from the outside environment of the cell, but also from its inside environment." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

GRAVE OR CRADLE. "Simply put, the phenotype represents either the grave of a given genome or its vehicle into the next generation." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

DEATH OF WEAK PHENOTYPES. "Natural selection sanctioned by death is a process of competition between phenotypes whereby genomes allowing for poorly adapted phenotypes do not get transmitted into the next generation, while genomes that allow fitter phenotypes become selected." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

MUTATION AND PHENOTYPE. "Genetic mutation leads to genetic diversification, and hence to phenotypic diversity." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

PHENOTYPE TARGET OF SELECTION. "Natural selection does not act directly on genes, but on the phenotypes they allow the cell that encodes them to achieve." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

SOCIAL REGULATION OF DEATH. ""The emergence of a genetic program allowing a social form of regulation of cell survival and cell death, through a process of 'altruistic' cell suicide, has been considered as one of the solutions that evolution has provided to the specific problem of multicellular bodies and attributed to the selective pressure that applied to the emergence of multicellularity, including a process of kin selection between cells sharing the same genome and condemned to live together." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn