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EUKARYOTIC GENES IN WO PHAGE EAM. "Some of these genes (i) appear to encode protein domains and cleavage sites central to eukaryotic functions, (ii) occur in both phage and metazoan hosts, (iii) comprise the second largest phage gene to date (14,256 bp) and (iv) are absent from mutualistic, phage-free genomes of Wolbachia." (EAM = eukaryotic association module). https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

SELECTION BEYOND. "There is experimental evidence of benefits at levels other than the organism in bacteria and some eukaryotes, as well as a range of possible functions. Proposals include levels both below (genetic element) and above (group) that of the individual cell." http://www.esciencecentral.org/journals/are-internal-death-promoting-mechanisms-ever-adaptive-2329-9002.1000113.pdf View in LinkedIn

WO PHAGE GENE MODULES. "Metagenomic analysis of the complete genome from phage WO particles reveals all formerly described phage genetic modules (lysogeny, baseplate, head, replication, virulence, tail and patatin-like phospholipase), as well as a new group of genes that we collectively group into a eukaryotic association module (EAM)." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

ADDING A SECOND DOMAIN. "Here we assemble the sequenced genomes of phage WO particles, resolve the bacteriophage attachment and bacterial integration sites, report a eukaryotic association module in bacteriophages and discuss lateral gene transfers between eukaryotes and bacteriophages." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

ABUNDANT GENE MECHANISMS IN PHAGES. "WO is a dynamic element that has a significant impact on the genetic diversity of Wolbachia. Analysis shows that WO molecular evolution is a complex process involving vertical transmission and horizontal transfer, recombination between phages, and hitchhiking of other mobile elements on WO." https://lnkd.in/dG3vir9 View in LinkedIn

NEW SURVIVAL TOOLS. "Why are these protein domains present in the EAM of bacteriophage WO? Some phages of obligate intracellular bacteria may have to overcome two major challenges not encountered by the well-studied phages of free-living bacteria." (EAM = eukaryotic association module). https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

LIKELY TIP OF ICEBERG. "We suspect that systematic surveys of phage genomes in intimate host-associated bacteria may uncover a broad range of eukaryotic-like protein domains involved in phage life cycle adaptations and phage–eukaryote interactions." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

LIBERAL GENE TRANSFERS. "Bacteriophage WO frequently transfer between Wolbachia co-infections in the same animal host and to the host genome as part of large transfers of the Wolbachia chromosome." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

KEY FUNCTIONS. "In phage WO, these animal protein domains are central to anti-eukaryotic functions including the black widow latrotoxin, PCD (NACHT), immune evasion (PRANC) and protein–protein interactions." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

MIRROR. "The presence of eukaryotic-like protein domains in bacteriophage genomes is of special note as they curiously mirror eukaryotic genes in large eukaryotic viruses that aid in viral mimicry and manipulation of host processes." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn