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DUAL-ACTING GENES. "Antagonistic pleiotropy theory: Late-acting deleterious genes may even be favored by selection and be actively accumulated in populations if they have any beneficial effects early in life." http://longevity-science.org/Evolution.htm View in LinkedIn

PHAGE BASEPLATE COMPOSITION. "The hexagonal dome-shaped T4 baseplate assembles from six wedges surrounding a central hub. A total of 134 protein subunits from 15 different proteins form the ∼6.5-MDa baseplate." http://www.pnas.org/content/113/10/2654.full View in LinkedIn

DIMINISHED SELECTION WITH AGE. "Mutation accumulation theory: From the evolutionary perspective, aging is an inevitable result of the declining force of natural selection with age." http://longevity-science.org/Evolution.htm View in LinkedIn

DOME TO STAR SHAPE. "This study examines how the high-energy, dome-shaped infectious form of the bacteriophage T4 baseplate assembles as opposed to how it assembles in the low-energy, star-shaped form that occurs after infection." http://www.pnas.org/content/113/10/2654.full View in LinkedIn

DEGENERATION BEYOND SELECTION. “Many manifestations of aging happen after the reproductive period of evolving organisms at ages which are beyond the reach of natural selection." http://longevity-science.org/Evolution.htm View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this glimpse at the assembly of bacteriophages, these quasi-living viral entities, seemingly from outer space, whose apparent simplicity has us completely and entirely fooled. Just a dumb virus, we say. Not only the most successful creatures on earth but have played a major role in the evolution of humans and other life on this planet. So much for simplicity: the biggest outsourcing job in the history of the planet. And a vastly complex geometric enterprise. It is the plodding biologists who are dumb. View in LinkedIn

MANIFEST APPLICATIONS. "Recently innovative 2-D and 3-D structures were successfully constructed using the M13 bacteriophage. Its unique properties have been exploited in several studies relating to energy storage and harvesting area such as rechargeable batteries, piezoelectric devices, and solar cells." https://lnkd.in/dB6DwQj View in LinkedIn

BIOMIMICRY OF MILD CONDITION CHEMISTRY. "The M13 bacteriophage has demonstrated its capacity to fabricate various noble structures with evident functionality. The characteristic self-assembly property, the aqueous mild synthesis condition, and easy functionality of the M13 bacteriophage structure allows for its significant contribution to a variety of scientific areas." https://lnkd.in/dB6DwQj View in LinkedIn

ANOTHER BACTERIOPHAGE. "The M13 bacteriophage (Phage) is composed of 2, 700 copies of the helically arranged pVIII major coat protein on its body. Five to seven copies each of pIII, pVI, pIX, and pVII are located at each end of the M13 phage. It is a virus nanofiber of approximately 880 nm in length and 6.6 nm in diameter and is safe in humans." https://lnkd.in/dB6DwQj View in LinkedIn

GO FORTH AND MULTIPLY. "Will That tailed bacteriophages are the most abundant biological entities on Earth indicates the evolutionary advantage of this strategy for infecting bacterial cells. Infection by these viruses plays a central role in microbial ecosystems dynamics and in the horizontal transmission of genetic information within the bacterial world." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/22/7009.full View in LinkedIn