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ENDOSYMBIOSIS AND DEATH. "Death programs are tightly linked to eukaryotic–bacterial endosymbiont co-evolution." http://mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcbc245/MCBC245PDFs/Jan31/Huettenbrenner2003.pdf View in LinkedIn

PHAGE BASEPLATES. "The current analysis of the T4 baseplate shows how the energy required for infection can in part be stored in the dome-shaped baseplate; it also shows that assembly of the dome-shaped baseplate requires the presence of a template (the central hub) that traps wedges by selecting wedges when they are briefly in a high-energy conformation." A spaceship from Mars. http://www.pnas.org/content/113/10/2654.full View in LinkedIn

PRE-MITOCHONDRIAL. These findings "also suggest that the caspase cystein proteinases may have represented the initial, ancestral core of executioners that allowed the emergence of programmed cell death, prior to the recruitment of mitochondria as essential effectors of the cell death machinery." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

ENERGY SOURCE. "Biological machines require energy that can be provided by catalyzing a chemical reaction of high-energy molecules such as ATP, or by using the energy stored when macromolecules fold and assemble." http://www.pnas.org/content/113/10/2654.full View in LinkedIn

DIVERSIFICATION, COMPLEXITY AND VARIATION. "These findings suggest that the recruitment of caspases and mitochondrial effectors to the cell death machinery may have been subjected not only to increased diversification and complexity, but also to phylogenic variation during the evolution of metazoans." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

NEUTRALIZING DEATH. "The death repressors (Bcl-2/Bcl-XL ¼ ) and their antagonists (Bax/Bak/Bid ¼ ) share the capacity to homodimerize and to neutralize each others through heterodimerization, and, for some of them, to insert through a carboxyterminal hydrophobic transmembrane domain into the outer membrane of intracellular organelles such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

DEATH REPRESSOR AND ANTAGONIST. "In humans and mice, around twenty gene products that are homologues of the cell death repressor Ced-9 and its antagonist Egl-1 (the Bcl-2 family) have been identified, as well as more than ten homologues of the executioner Ced-3 (the caspase family) and at least one homologue of Ced-4 (Apaf-1, or apoptotic protease-activating factor 1)." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this glimpse at the assembly of bacteriophages, these quasi-living viral entities, seemingly from outer space, whose apparent simplicity has us completely and entirely fooled. Just a dumb virus, we say. Not only the most successful creatures on earth but have played a major role in the evolution of humans and other life on this planet. So much for simplicity: the biggest outsourcing job in the history of the planet. And a vastly complex geometric enterprise. It is the plodding biologists who are dumb. View in LinkedIn

MANIFEST APPLICATIONS. "Recently innovative 2-D and 3-D structures were successfully constructed using the M13 bacteriophage. Its unique properties have been exploited in several studies relating to energy storage and harvesting area such as rechargeable batteries, piezoelectric devices, and solar cells." https://lnkd.in/dB6DwQj View in LinkedIn

BIOMIMICRY OF MILD CONDITION CHEMISTRY. "The M13 bacteriophage has demonstrated its capacity to fabricate various noble structures with evident functionality. The characteristic self-assembly property, the aqueous mild synthesis condition, and easy functionality of the M13 bacteriophage structure allows for its significant contribution to a variety of scientific areas." https://lnkd.in/dB6DwQj View in LinkedIn