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CO-EVOLUTION ORIGIN? "Alternatively, the death components in parasitic unicellular eukaryotes might have developed during the host-defense evolution. Notably, even in prokaryotes “apoptotic” features have been described and even examples for shared homologies exist: the TIR is homologous in animals, plants, and bacteria. Toll receptors play a role in the immune defense against parasites and can elicit apoptosis." http://mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcbc245/MCBC245PDFs/Jan31/Huettenbrenner2003.pdf View in LinkedIn

ENIGMA. "The death effectors that operate in protozoans are still enigmatic and furthermore there exist also protozoans that cannot undergo an apoptosis-like phenotype. It has to await clarification whether the death machinery was lost by reductive evolution, or whether those species without apparent self destruction mechanisms represent an early phylogenic life form." http://mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcbc245/MCBC245PDFs/Jan31/Huettenbrenner2003.pdf View in LinkedIn

LONG AND BROAD. "Currently, there are several possible explanations for the existence of programmed cell death in at least nine single-celled eukaryote organisms belonging to four different lineages that diverged during a still elusive time-frame ranging between two and one billion years ago." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

FUZZY GREY LINE. "It is important to realize that the frontiers between multicellular organisms and single-celled organisms may not be as stringent as usually believed." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

"A PARADIGM SHIFT: programmed cell death and apoptosis in single-celled organisms. Programmed cell death in four diverging phylogenic branches of single-celled eukaryotes." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

START OF THE STORY. "In favorable environmental conditions, Bacillus subtilis undergoes vegetative growth through symmetrical cell division. In adverse environmental conditions, such as nutrient shortage, Bacillus subtilis undergoes a complex developmental program whose initiation depends, as mentioned above, on cell density and on the concentration of released quorum factors. When initiated, this program begins with a process of asymmetric cell division." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

DRUNKARD'S WALK. "Gould argued that the average complexity of life forms has barely increased over the course of the history of life, even as the upper bound of complexity was being pushed upwards, perhaps for purely stochastic reasons, under a “drunkard's walk” model of evolution." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.201300037/full View in LinkedIn

KEY CAVEAT. "A cell suicide program will become counterselected unless it is regulated in such a way that the sacrifice of some individuals in a unicellular colony will benefit (or at least will not prevent) the survival of other members of the colony." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

EPISODIC AMPLIFICATION. "Quantitatively, the evolution of genomes appears to be dominated by reduction and simplification, punctuated by episodes of complexification." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.201300037/full View in LinkedIn

0 https://www.thisiscolossal.com/2018/10/fruit-carving-by-takehiro-kishimoto/ View in LinkedIn