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PROTECTIONS AGAINST TEs. “Because excessive TE activity can damage exons, many organisms have acquired mechanisms to inhibit their activity. Bacteria may undergo high rates of gene deletion as part of a mechanism to remove TEs and viruses from their genomes, while eukaryotic organisms typically use RNA interference to inhibit TE activity. Nevertheless, some TEs generate large families often associated with speciation events.” (TE = transposable elements, jumping genes). https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposable_element View in LinkedIn

SELFISH DNA PARASITES. “While some TEs confer benefits on their hosts, most are regarded as selfish DNA parasites. In this way, they are similar to viruses. Various viruses and TEs also share features in their genome structures and biochemical abilities, leading to speculation that they share a common ancestor.” (TE = transposable elements, jumping genes). https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposable_element View in LinkedIn

TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS (TEs) “are found in almost all life forms, and the scientific community is still exploring their evolution and their effect on genome evolution. It is unclear whether TEs originated in the last universal common ancestor, arose independently multiple times, or arose once and then spread to other kingdoms by horizontal gene transfer.” (TE = transposable elements, jumping genes). https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposable_element View in LinkedIn

FOREIGN GENE INTEGRATION. “It has long been appreciated that viral sequences can become integrated in the genome of their host, either as part of their normal replication cycle or accidently through host-encoded reverse transcription and/or recombination activities. Such integration of viral DNA, when it occurs in the germ cell lineage, can lead to the vertical transmission and fixation of viral sequences in the host population.” https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X17301685 View in LinkedIn

WIDE IMPACT ON EVOLUTION. “Here we provide an update on the trends characterizing HTT in eukaryotes, with an emphasis on plants and animals, and we compile a list of cases whereby a given TE shows evidence of HT and has had direct evolutionary consequences for the host lineage where it was introduced.” (TE = transposable elements, jumping genes); (HTT = horizontal transfer of TEs). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X17301685 View in LinkedIn

PROFOUND IMPACT. “Given the profound influence that TEs and their associated activities have exerted on eukaryotic genomes, it follows that the horizontal transfer of TEs (HTT) must represent an important facet of eukaryotic evolution.” (TE = transposable elements, jumping genes). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X17301685 View in LinkedIn

JUMPING GENE SPREAD. “TEs are found in nearly all organisms and frequently constitute the major portion of the genome. They can be transmitted from one host to another in two ways: through vertical inheritance from parent to offspring, or through horizontal transfer (HT) between non-mating organisms.” (TE = transposable elements, jumping genes). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X17301685 View in LinkedIn

SHAPING EVOLUTION. “Our discovery highlights that TEs contribute to shape genome evolution of pandoraviruses. We concluded that as for cellular organisms, TEs are part of the pandoraviruses’ diverse mobilome.” (TE = transposable elements, jumping genes). https://mobilednajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13100-018-0125-4 View in LinkedIn

MASSIVE ROLE IN EVOLUTION. “MITEs are often flanked by terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) and produce a short target site duplication (TSD) upon integration. As a group, MITEs form several superfamilies classified according to sequence similarity between their TIRs or TSD and those of autonomous partners. It has been shown that MITEs play important roles in eukaryotic evolution, including an increase in genome size, formation of new genes, and the regulation of gene expression.” (MITEs = miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements); (TIR = terminal inverted repeats); (TSD = target site duplication). https://mobilednajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13100-018-0125-4 View in LinkedIn

AUTONOMOUS JUMPING GENES. “DNA transposons represent a specific group of TEs, and they can be classified as either “autonomous” or “non-autonomous” elements. Autonomous transposons can transpose by themselves, while non-autonomous elements require enzymes encoded in trans by autonomous elements to be mobile.” (TE = transposable elements, jumping genes). https://lnkd.in/dxjKEGX View in LinkedIn