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IMPACT OF CONTEXT. “The information in DNA comes from the environments and it has been put into the DNA by selection. Darwinian evolution involving selection of all kinds (natural, sexual, and artificial) is the channel through which the complexity and information of the environment creates and shapes the complexity and information of biological organisms.” https://lnkd.in/euEN3Eh View in LinkedIn

EPIGENETIC INFORMATION. “Adami et al. (2000) identify genomic complexity with the amount of information DNA sequences store about their environments. I want to emphasize that not only is the information in DNA about the environment, but that the information in DNA came from the environment.” https://lnkd.in/euEN3Eh View in LinkedIn

COMPLEXITY REVERSALS. “Biological complexity, both genotypic and phenotypic, may trend upward, but can go the other way, sometimes dramatically (as after mass extinctions).” https://lnkd.in/euEN3Eh View in LinkedIn

CONTEXTUAL. “One cannot isolate the complexity of biological organisms from the complexity of their environment. Whether the inhabitants of newly available niches will become simpler or more complex depends on the complexity and simplicity of those new niches. Random walks that elevate complexity are driven by the complexity of the environment being walked in.” https://lnkd.in/euEN3Eh View in LinkedIn

SIX GIGAS OF INFORMATION. "Human DNA genome encodes 4^(3 billion) = 2^(6 billion) choices, or 6 billion bits of information. The epigenome encodes at least 2^22,500 choices, or 22,500 bits. The total information is 6,000,022,500 bits, or approximately 6 Gb (gigabits)." http://www.decodedscience.org/comparing-genetic-code-dna-binary-code/55476 View in LinkedIn

"HUMAN DNA has approximately 3 billion base pairs, according to the National Human Genome Research Institute. That means 4^3,000,000,000 possible base sequences. For simplicity, let’s say that each gene is either suppressed, or not, in the epigenome. That would be a binary choice for each gene. Most humans have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. Let’s say the average is about 2^22,500 more choices." http://www.decodedscience.org/comparing-genetic-code-dna-binary-code/55476 View in LinkedIn

CENTRAL DOGMA BUSTED. “One of the limitations of the Central Dogma (and, for that matter, the abstract description of a digital computer as a Von Neumann Machine), is that the abstract representation suggests a linear process: one sequence of DNA leads to one mRNA leads to one protein. Clearly, in terms of the cell, this is not the case. The cell manages multiple processes concurrently rather than as a single threaded sequence.” https://lnkd.in/dZN-i-F View in LinkedIn

PROCESSING INFORMATION. "Programmable matter is thus linked to the concept of a material which inherently has the ability to perform information processing." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_matter View in LinkedIn

2D CODE. “The membrane code: a carrier of essential biological information that is not specified by DNA and is inherited apart from it. Yet a genetic program is not sufficient for embryogenesis: Biological information outside of DNA is needed to specify the body plan of the embryo and much of its subsequent development. Some of that information is in cell membrane patterns, which contain a two-dimensional code mediated by proteins and carbohydrates.” https://lnkd.in/de9z-Pn View in LinkedIn

INFORMATION = ENERGY. "At the fundamental level of Life, the terms “Information” and “Energy” are almost interchangeable." https://hammeringshield.wordpress.com/2013/07/10/life-as-information-exchange/ View in LinkedIn