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2D CODE. “The membrane code: a carrier of essential biological information that is not specified by DNA and is inherited apart from it. Yet a genetic program is not sufficient for embryogenesis: Biological information outside of DNA is needed to specify the body plan of the embryo and much of its subsequent development. Some of that information is in cell membrane patterns, which contain a two-dimensional code mediated by proteins and carbohydrates.” https://lnkd.in/de9z-Pn View in LinkedIn

INFORMATION = ENERGY. "At the fundamental level of Life, the terms “Information” and “Energy” are almost interchangeable." https://hammeringshield.wordpress.com/2013/07/10/life-as-information-exchange/ View in LinkedIn

INFORMATION TRANSFER. "It is only by clearly understanding how chemical systems can transfer and process information that we can hope to understand how self-replication and evolution can occur, and by implication, understand how life might have begun." http://www.dna.caltech.edu/Papers/schulman-thesis.pdf View in LinkedIn

INFORMATION. "This work suggests that the concept of a self-replicating chemistry is closely related to the concept of a chemistry that can store information and compute." https://lnkd.in/dhc7k7H View in LinkedIn

UNIT OF EVOLUTION? "Individuals are merely disposable vehicles for the replicating information contained in the genes. As long as the genes survive (that is, are replicated in offspring before the individual dies), the survival or death of the individual is not very important." http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/evolage.html View in LinkedIn

TRANSITION. "The emergence of life was probably marked by a transition in information processing capabilities." http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/79/20120869.short View in LinkedIn

NOT ONE GENE ONE PROTEIN. “Posttranscriptional gene structure modification commonly occurs through a process called alternative splicing (AS). AS is a regulated process that results in a single gene coding for multiple gene products.” http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/165/1/412.full View in LinkedIn

SHAPE-SHIFTING GENOMES. “Gene nucleotide sequences are ever changing, with the natural introduction of various mutations, which can affect the evolutionary trajectory of the gene. Gene structures can also change and evolve over time; changing a gene’s coding and noncoding structure can lead to the formation of new genes and neofunctionalization.” http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/165/1/412.full View in LinkedIn

NEW GENES. “Evolution of Gene Structural Complexity. Plant and animal genomes are more dynamic than previously thought. Genomes were assumed to hold a finite number of genes, but later it was discovered that new genes can arise through DNA-based duplication, RNA-based duplication, gene fusions, or de novo origination, resulting in a distinct new gene that evolves independently.” https://lnkd.in/dYTQHYE View in LinkedIn

TYPES OF INFORMATION. "Nature is full of hierarchical and symbiotic structures which are optimally designed in all design aspects. Ingenious solutions in nature are transmitted by genetic codes. Human information is not transferable genetically but has to be studied, stored to design codes and transmitted by education." https://lnkd.in/dYdY4x3 View in LinkedIn