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PRECURSOR. "In modern organisms, DNA is the major genetic material and protein is the major functional material, both seeming indispensible. Thus, there is a dilemma for the evolution of life: “Which came first, DNA or proteins?” The RNA world hypothesis provided a possible solution to this problem: in some early stage of life, there is neither DNA nor protein but only RNA, acting as both genetic material and functional material." https://lnkd.in/dev3536 View in LinkedIn

COADAPTATION. "This paper introduces and demonstrates a novel brain-machine interface architecture based on the concepts of reinforcement learning, coadaptation, and shaping... reinforcement learning allows the brain-machine interface control algorithm to learn to complete tasks from interactions with the environment, rather than an explicit training signal. Coadaption enables continuous, synergistic adaptation between the brain-machine interface control algorithm and brain-machine interface user working in changing environments." https://lnkd.in/dstCTe2 View in LinkedIn

CRUDE GOOP. "The prebiotic molecules were relatively small and simple compared to the macromolecules that govern contemporary life. Moreover, as prebiotic molecules did not undergo the refinement and filtering of evolutionary processes, they lacked specificity and tuning towards a defined biochemical process." http://www.weizmann.ac.il/molgen/Lancet/sites/molgen.Lancet/files/uploads/shenhav_lancet_core.pdf View in LinkedIn

"THE GENETIC ALGORITHM is a model of machine learning which derives its behavior from a metaphor of some of the mechanisms of evolution in nature. This is done by the creation within a machine of a population of individuals represented by chromosomes, in essence a set of character strings that are analogous to the base-4 chromosomes that we see in our own DNA. The individuals in the population then go through a process of simulated "evolution"." https://lnkd.in/dNx-Znv View in LinkedIn

PREBIOTIC CALCULATIONS. "We have therefore argued in the past that prebiotic scenarios may be adequately described in terms of planet-scale random chemistry reactions. Based on a count of about 1 million molecule types for alkanes with up to 20 carbon atoms, it may be estimated that for compounds containing all CHNOPS atoms (Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus and Sulfur) the number would be much larger than one billion." http://www.weizmann.ac.il/molgen/Lancet/sites/molgen.Lancet/files/uploads/shenhav_lancet_core.pdf View in LinkedIn

UNGUIDED NATURE. "Could artificial evolution happen without human intervention?" https://lnkd.in/dD4T763 View in LinkedIn

ARTIFICIAL LIFE. "The modeling philosophy of artificial life strongly differs from traditional modeling by studying not only “life-as-we-know-it” but also “life-as-it-might-be”." https://lnkd.in/eE92tBk View in LinkedIn

ARTIFICIAL LIFE, as it is called, has contributed a very critical element to our knowledge of many things. But most of all, the concept that natural unguided processes of mutation, selection, and evolution can be far more creative than evolution that is man-made or directed. Nature appears to have an unlimited and unfettered creativity. This is the true gift of work on artificial life. View in LinkedIn

VIRTUAL CREATURE EVOLUTION is a spooky glimpse into the world of binary code generating artificial virtual genotypes and phenotypes that can be bred and compete among each other on some crude Darwinian principles. View in LinkedIn

NATURAL EVOLUTION, in the results we see today, is replete with the most indescribable biological innovation of both form and function, at all levels, from molecules, to genetic programs, biochemical systems, and to ecosystems. Nature appears to have unlimited creativity, a driving joy for scientists captivated by their beauty and complexity. View in LinkedIn