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RARE EVENTS. “This may be a true reflection of natural diversity of the code, because stop codons are by definition rare (only one of three possibilities appearing per gene, whereas even rare amino acids are typically found many times) and the fidelity of termination is potentially less critical than other possible changes.” https://lnkd.in/d87ZWbH View in LinkedIn

LANDMARK PUBLICATION. Competition between Evolved Virtual Creatures (Karl Sims). https://lnkd.in/d5p72pa View in LinkedIn

DEVIANT CODES. “The evolutionary mechanisms that lead to codon reassignment and emergence of deviant codes involve changes in tRNA specificity and/or evolution of new specificities in the case of stop codon recruitment.” https://lnkd.in/dKTqJpY View in LinkedIn

KARL SIMS WAS THE FIRST big name in "evolved viral life" or "artificial life". Inspired by his work, many others explored this space, including some who made significant contributions. https://lnkd.in/dh-4NJm View in LinkedIn

VARIANT SIMILARITY. “Despite their differences, all genetic systems share one significant bias: the vast majority of changes to the code we presently know of involve termination or stop codons being reassigned to encode an amino acid.” https://lnkd.in/d87ZWbH View in LinkedIn

DIGITAL EVOLUTION. "Avida is basically an artificial petri dish in which organisms not only reproduce, but also perform mathematical calculations to obtain rewards. The reward is more computing time that they can use for making copies of themselves. Avida randomly adds mutations to the copies, thus spurring natural selection and evolution." https://lnkd.in/d4b3fY4 View in LinkedIn

ARTIFICIAL EVOLUTION. "An evolution of virtual creatures is begun by first creating an initial population of genotypes. A survival-ratio determines the percentage of the population that will survive each generation. The individuals whose fitnesses fall within the survival percentile are then reproduced, and their offspring fill the slots of those individuals that did not survive. The survivors are kept in the population for the next generation, and the total size of the population is maintained." https://lnkd.in/dh-4NJm View in LinkedIn

CRITERIA FOR ARTIFICIAL LIFE (Farmer). "1. Life is a pattern in space-time; 2. Self reproduction; 3. Information storage of self-representation; 4. A metabolism; 5. Functional interactions with the environment; 6. Interdependence of parts; 7. Stability under perturbations; 8. The ability to evolve; 9. Growth or expansion." https://lnkd.in/dXsqH3b View in LinkedIn

ARTIFICIAL GENOTYPES AND PHENOTYPES. "Genetic algorithms typically use populations of genotypes consisting of strings of binary digits or parameters. These are read to produce phenotypes which are then evaluated according to some fitness criteria and selectively reproduced. New genotypes are generated by copying, mutating, and/or combining the genotypes of the most fit individuals, and as the cycle repeats the population should ascend to higher and higher levels of fitness.” https://lnkd.in/dh-4NJm View in LinkedIn

VIRTUAL EVOLUTION. "It is convenient to use the biological terms genotype and phenotype when discussing artificial evolution. A genotype is a coded representation of a possible individual or problem solution. In biological systems, a genotype is usually composed of DNA and contains the instructions for the development of an organism." https://lnkd.in/dh-4NJm View in LinkedIn