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ARTIFICIAL GENOTYPES AND PHENOTYPES. "Genetic algorithms typically use populations of genotypes consisting of strings of binary digits or parameters. These are read to produce phenotypes which are then evaluated according to some fitness criteria and selectively reproduced. New genotypes are generated by copying, mutating, and/or combining the genotypes of the most fit individuals, and as the cycle repeats the population should ascend to higher and higher levels of fitness.” https://lnkd.in/dh-4NJm View in LinkedIn

VIRTUAL EVOLUTION. "It is convenient to use the biological terms genotype and phenotype when discussing artificial evolution. A genotype is a coded representation of a possible individual or problem solution. In biological systems, a genotype is usually composed of DNA and contains the instructions for the development of an organism." https://lnkd.in/dh-4NJm View in LinkedIn

DOG IS MY COPILOT. "Sims agrees with Oxford zoologist Richard Dawkins, who makes the case in The Blind Watchmaker that the universe did not require an intelligent agent to establish evolution. Sims adds, "I think we are an example." https://lnkd.in/dD4T763 View in LinkedIn

RANDOM CREATIVITY. "Evolutionary design...can often solve problems better than we can using our own intelligence." https://lnkd.in/d4b3fY4 View in LinkedIn

LIMITED ONLY BY OUR DESIGN. "As computers become more powerful, the creation of virtual actors, whether animal, human, or completely unearthly, may be limited mainly by our ability to design them, rather than our ability to satisfy their computational requirements. A control system that someday actually generates “intelligent” behavior might tend to be a complex mess beyond our understanding." (Karl Sims). https://lnkd.in/dh-4NJm View in LinkedIn

VALIDATION. "But the host will benefit from suicide, if by its death (and that of its parasite) the level of subsequent parasitism in its kin is reduced relative to that in non-kin. Here we report that pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) parasitized by the braconid wasp Aphidius ervi, exhibit apparent suicidal behaviour in response to both aphid alarm pheromone and approaching coccinellid (ladybird beetle) predators. We believe this to be the first convincing evidence in support of the host suicide hypothesis." https://lnkd.in/dnVKjrQ View in LinkedIn

SEX AND EFFICIENCY. "Evolutionary theory predicts that natural selection should be less efficient in asexually than in sexually reproducing organisms. Obligate asexuals are expected to adapt slowly to changing environments and to accumulate mildly deleterious mutations to their genomes, potentially explaining their typically short evolutionary lifespans." https://lnkd.in/dgGXaM6 View in LinkedIn

APHID ADAPTIVE SUICIDE. "The host suicide hypothesis, which derives from inclusive fitness theory, postulates that parasitized individuals in spatially aggregated populations consisting of close kin may actively enhance their probability of dying. The fitness cost associated with suicide becomes negligible when infection by a parasitoid causes the expected reproduction of the host to approach zero." https://lnkd.in/dnVKjrQ View in LinkedIn

INCREASED HOST FITNESS. "Host suicide will increase the inclusive fitness of the host if (1) the suicide prevents the maturation of the parasite; (2) the mature parasite is more likely to infect the host's kin than nonkin; and (3) the benefit to the host, in terms of the increased fitness of the kin, is greater than the cost of the suicide, measured in terms of the loss of the host's own reproductive fitness." https://lnkd.in/dzrwDbd View in LinkedIn

"HOST SUICIDE is the term coined to describe aberrant behavior on the part of an infected host which leads to increased probability of death by predation." https://lnkd.in/dzrwDbd View in LinkedIn