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CODING: NONCODING GENE RATIO. "If the proportion of functional gene-length strands of DNA to nonfunctional ones is not as low as we actually find in nature — (10^12 different genes) x (10^25 estimated average number of functional alleles each) / (10^600 possible sequences) = 10^-563 conservatively — but is as high as 10^-10, say, this situation would lead to something like a "many worlds" theory of evolution." https://lnkd.in/dH9XaVn View in LinkedIn

GIANT STEP. "The monkeys accomplished their goal of recreating all 38 works of Shakespeare. The last work, The Taming Of The Shrew, was completed at 2 AM PST on October 6, 2011. This is the first time every work of Shakespeare has actually been randomly reproduced. Furthermore, this is the largest work ever randomly reproduced. It is one small step for a monkey, one giant leap for virtual primates everywhere." https://lnkd.in/djJFZTk View in LinkedIn

BINARY CODE BRITTLENESS. "Researchers that envisioned how autonomously evolving malware could be coded have largely focused on binary code manipulation. The high percentage of lethal mutations that would be experienced by such malware (due to the brittleness of the code) would forbid evolution from occurring." https://lnkd.in/dGC6A7c View in LinkedIn

ALMOST COMPLETE. "A running total of how well they are doing shows that the re-creation is 99.990% complete." https://lnkd.in/dzCpVE8 View in LinkedIn

GENOME IS LESS FRAGILE THAN DIGITAL CODE. "Genes apparently can tolerate a higher percentage of errors than computer code or written text. Sixty-one codons code for only twenty amino acids, so many of the codons are synonymous. Also, proteins can tolerate amino acid substitutions at many positions without losing their function." https://lnkd.in/dH9XaVn View in LinkedIn

HUGE NUMBER OF POSSIBILITIES. "A random nucleotide strand as long as an average gene has an absurdly high number of possible sequences. If an average gene is 1,000 nucleotides, the number of possible sequences it can have is 4^1000, or about 10^600. The chance of finding any gene currently expressed anywhere in biology in that sequence space, in even 10^50 trials, is less than 10^-500." https://lnkd.in/dH9XaVn View in LinkedIn

NOT QUITE SILENT. "If a duplicated gene suffers only a few mutations, it may retain its original function and soon again become expressed. In fact it could evolve this way without necessarily ever becoming silent." It will be subjected to natural selection for fitness. https://lnkd.in/dH9XaVn View in LinkedIn

FORBIDDEN SILENT MUTATIONS. "New genes arise when existing genes are duplicated, undergo "forbidden mutations" as silent DNA, and reemerge as new genes with new functions. While silent, a gene cannot be improved or even maintained by natural selection. To arrive at a substantially different nucleotide sequence, we would expect many mutations to be required. These mutations will randomize the original sequence of the gene and it will lose its original meaning." https://lnkd.in/dH9XaVn View in LinkedIn

AVOIDING IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE. "Modern computer viruses use various mutation techniques such as polymorphism and metamorphism to evade detection." https://lnkd.in/d-ga_7a View in LinkedIn

MALWARE ARMS RACE. "The legendary Bulgarian writer Dark Avenger came up with a clever innovation known as a mutating, or polymorphic, virus. A mutating virus randomly reorganizes its decryption algorithm every time it replicates to outsmart the policing of the scanner. In step three, antivirus engineers devised "heuristic" scanners, built to sniff out all but an insignificant percentage of a virus' mutants through educated pattern recognition." https://lnkd.in/edrARjk View in LinkedIn