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EMERGENCE PROBLEMS. “The emergent behaviour of swarm intelligence systems can also be a ‘curse’ in some complex problem solving situations:" "1. The first of these limitations is the challenge of predicting the behaviour of swarm intelligence systems. " "2. The second limitation, and closely related to that of unpredictability, is the inability to control the behaviour of swarm intelligence systems" "3. The third major limitation of swarm intelligence systems relates to the time required to reach a solution, which may limit the usefulness of swarm intelligence systems for on-line control tasks and time-critical tasks.” https://lnkd.in/dRvnSMk View in LinkedIn

EMERGENCE ADVANTAGES: " "3. “The third is flexibility: the system is self-adjusting, able to adapt quickly to changing circumstances without changing individual agents’ behaviour" "4. The fourth is scalability: the swarm can operate using different swarm sizes with little if any change to coordination mechanisms. " "5. The sixth is parallelism: swarm intelligence systems inherently use parallel computation for problem solving.” https://lnkd.in/dRvnSMk View in LinkedIn

EMERGENCE ADVANTAGES:" "1. “The first of these advantages is simplicity: individual agents tend to be quite simple, yet together they can produce very complicated behaviour." "2. The second is robustness: swarming systems are able to continue to operate, albeit at a lower performance, even though there are failures in some individuals or disturbances in the environment.” https://lnkd.in/dRvnSMk View in LinkedIn

EMERGENCE FEATURES: “Goldstein identifies five essential features of emergence:" "1. Radical novelty—novel behaviour occurs that cannot be predicted." "2. Coherence or correlation—the novel behaviour has some level of coherence over time." "3. Global or macro-level behaviour—coherence occurs at the macro level." "4. Dynamical—the macro-level, while having some coherence in time, also evolves over time." "5. Ostensive—emergent behaviours are recognised ostensively, i.e. by showing themselves.” https://lnkd.in/dRvnSMk View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this section on flatfish asymmetry. It is an exemplar of great biochemistry and great genetics to explain phenotype. It is an axiom in many biochemistry labs that you should only work on species that are edible when the experiments are over. Julia Child famously said that French cooked Dover sole was her favorite dish. Perhaps this did not impede these fabulous studies on the very quirky and very delicious flatfish. View in LinkedIn

INFINITE MUTATION. "If similar morphing techniques were implemented by a 32-bit worm, a major problem would occur as new mutations of old viruses and worms would be created endlessly." https://lnkd.in/eXJNZSa View in LinkedIn

METAMORPHIC CODE. "Most polymorphic viruses decrypt themselves to a single constant virus body in memory. Metamorphic viruses, however, do not. Therefore the detection of the virus code in memory needs to be algorithmic because the virus body does not become constant even there." https://lnkd.in/d_2z5qc View in LinkedIn

TOUGH COOKIES. "Unfortunately, metamorphic viruses such as Win95/Bistro often have a random replication mechanism. Since their code structure is much more obfuscated, they are more difficult to analyse than polymorphic viruses." https://lnkd.in/dbEUciC View in LinkedIn

HOST ALSO MUTATED. "The Win95/Bistro virus not only mutates itself in new generations, but it also mutates the code of its host. This way the virus can generate new viruses and worms. To do this, the virus uses a randomly executed code-morphing routine." https://lnkd.in/eXJNZSa View in LinkedIn

HYPERVARIABLE CODE. "In 2000, Win95/Bistro was created. Based on sources of Zperm virus and RPME (Real Permutating Engine, available for other virus writers to create new metamorphic viruses). Uses a random code block insertion engine. Generates millions of iterations to challenge code emulator's speed." https://lnkd.in/d4jm2JB View in LinkedIn