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NICHE CONSTRUCTION. "The phenomenon of a species creating an important aspect of its environment and stably transmitting this environment across generations, known as niche construction, is a widespread form of epigenetic transmission. Niche construction includes gene–environment coevolution, because a genetically induced environmental regularity becomes the basis for genetic selection, and gene mutations that give rise to novel niche elements will survive if they are fitness-enhancing for their constructors." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1566/878 View in LinkedIn

DEEP INTERCONNECTEDNESS. "Clearly, a host population cannot evolve in response to selection pressure from one pathogen population without affecting the selection pressures imposed by other pathogens, and a pathogen population cannot evolve in response to selection pressure from one host population without affecting the selection pressures imposed by other host populations." https://lnkd.in/d3-W8NW View in LinkedIn

SOCIAL COEVOLUTION. "Organisms can directly transmit environmental artifacts to the next generation, in the form of such constructs as beaver dams, bee hives and even social structures (e.g. mating and hunting practices)." https://lnkd.in/dtbdtdb View in LinkedIn

HOST SWITCHING. "Although empirical support for this comes from brood parasites rather than pathogens, many viruses can exploit different host cell receptors, and this can be associated with host switching, thereby demonstrating a potential for co-evolution involving multiple host species. But only certain pathogens may be capable of infecting multiple hosts; for example, viruses that use receptors conserved across different host taxa tend to have broader host ranges." https://lnkd.in/d3-W8NW View in LinkedIn

PROMOTING THE DIFFICULT. "Our results show that coevolution can produce dynamic fitness landscapes in which populations are more evolvable than they would otherwise be. As a consequence, coevolutionary dynamics may promote some key innovations and other hard-to-reach adaptations." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/283/1839/20161528.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

PATH OF LEAST RESISTANCE. "Having multiple hosts may mean reduced selection pressure for a pathogen to co-evolve with any one host. If a pathogen can more easily evolve infectivity to a novel host than evade the resistance selected for in an existing host, this favors host switching." https://lnkd.in/d3-W8NW View in LinkedIn

THWARTED PATHS. "It is not difficult to imagine that coevolution might sometimes block certain adaptive paths." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/283/1839/20161528.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

PERSISTENCE. "Dynamic polymorphisms involve fluctuations in allele frequencies caused by selection and are inherently persistent, although fixation can occur as a result of genetic drift." https://lnkd.in/d3-W8NW View in LinkedIn

HOST SMOKE SCREEN. "We demonstrated how the host’s coevolution led to varied, and sometimes even opposite, effects on the relative fitness of different virus genotypes." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/283/1839/20161528.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

MOVING TARGET. "Improvements in adsorption were offset, in large part, by the evolution of host resistance, which occurred by reduced expression of LamB, the usual receptor for l. As a consequence of host coevolution, the adaptive landscape of the virus changed such that selection favouring four of the six virus intermediates became stronger after the host evolved resistance, thereby accelerating virus populations along the path to using the new OmpF receptor." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/283/1839/20161528.full.pdf View in LinkedIn