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INTERMEDIATE GENEALOGIES. "Here, we examine how this innovation evolved by studying six intermediate genotypes of l isolated during independent transitions to exploit OmpF and comparing them to their ancestor. All six intermediates showed large increases in their adsorption rates on the ancestral host." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/283/1839/20161528.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

COMPLEX DOCKING OBJECTIVE. "We sought to understand how the adaptive landscape led to an innovation whereby bacteriophage l evolved the new ability to exploit a receptor, OmpF, on Escherichia coli cells. Previous work showed that this ability evolved repeatedly, despite requiring four mutations in one virus gene." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/283/1839/20161528.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

INTERMEDIATE FITNESS REQUIRED. "By contrast, the evolution of a new function will be slower and more difficult, although not impossible, if any of the requisite intermediates have lower fitness than their progenitors." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/283/1839/20161528.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

TRANSITORY INTERMEDIATE GENOTYPES. "If each intermediate genotype leading to the new function is more fit than its immediate predecessor, then the new function can evolve readily, even if the fitness benefits do not accrue from the new function per se." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/283/1839/20161528.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

MULTIVARIANT DOCKING. "One challenge is to understand how populations evolve traits that require multiple interacting changes, such as specific deformations in the reactive pocket of an enzyme or the specialized modifications of an appendage." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/283/1839/20161528.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

COMPUTER VIRUS THREAT. "It is now twenty years since Fred Cohen published his seminal research paper suggesting the potential threat of computer viruses. In the years since this publication, the risk that Cohen described has unquestionably been borne out, and alongside hackers, the threat of the computer virus is the security issue that has most clearly permeated the public mind." (2005). http://www.symantec.com/connect/articles/true-computer-parasite View in LinkedIn

LOGIC IS INSUFFICIENT. "1960s and 1970s. Back then, many thought that general-purpose AI could be achieved purely through symbolic manipulation. That is, it was thought that we could build machines that, through purely logical reasoning, would derive a sufficient understanding of the world to reach and even exceed human intelligence." https://pointersgonewild.com/ View in LinkedIn

A SECURITY EXPLOIT. "Parasitic computing is programming technique where a program in normal authorized interactions with another program manages to get the other program to perform computations of a complex nature. It is, in a sense, a security exploit in that the program implementing the parasitic computing has no authority to consume resources made available to the other program." https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_computing View in LinkedIn

MASSIVE QUESTION. "Computer programming is all about putting human-derived algorithms or instructions into a binary code to make machines do what we want. Right? What if this purely logic and purely human system has parts that we do not understand? What would that mean if it was not just programmer error (which happens massively)?" https://lnkd.in/de4Pasi View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this two weekend venture into the theme of coevolution. Clearly, this story is far from over, and there is more to learn. It is interesting to imagine that man and machine may one day coevolve when Artificial Intelligence gains its inevitable autonomy, and when flesh and machine inevitably become more entwined. So far, the story of coevolution in biology has been limited to closely interacting species, such as the microbiome and the host, but this will expand one day to extraordinary realms. View in LinkedIn