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FUNCTIONAL MUTATIONS. "Some mutations, however, can have a huge affect on coding for amino acids, which can in turn affect what proteins are produced, which can have a profound effect on cellular and organismal function." http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/molecular/geneticcode/section3.rhtml View in LinkedIn

SILENT MUTATIONS. "Mutations are errors in codons caused by changes in nucleotide bases. Some mutations may not have much effect. For example, if the codon GAA becomes the codon GAG, because the genetic code is degenerate, the codon will still code for the amino acid glutamate. Such ineffectual mutations are called silent mutations." http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/molecular/geneticcode/section3.rhtml View in LinkedIn

"MUTATION is a permanent change in the sequence of DNA. In order for an observable effect, mutations must occur in gene exons or regulatory elements. Changes in the non-coding regions of DNA (introns and junk DNA) generally do not affect function." https://lnkd.in/dm-wZh5 View in LinkedIn

CODE TRANSMISSION in any system is prone to errors. What happens with these new mutations? Chimpanzees, Shakespeare, and typewriters? Is it not similar to having random mutations inserted into DNA? View in LinkedIn

DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING. "Instead of sitting idle, a SETI@home computer executes the SETI program, which crunches data from radio signals coming from the Arecibo telescope in Puerto Rico. Individually, the computers are unimpressive — but collectively, they make up the world's most powerful distributed supercomputer." https://lnkd.in/dh6PrEg View in LinkedIn

LOGICAL BREAKDOWNS. "Everybody who learns concurrency thinks they understand it, ends up finding mysterious races they thought weren’t possible, and discovers that they didn’t actually understand it yet after all." (Herb Sutter, chair of the ISO C++ standards committee, Microsoft). View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE deals with the concept of imperfection in nature. Darwin had a massive influence on the subject, even though he broke with an even stronger world view before him that was based on a religious view. Even today, we have an underlying and often unspoken assumption that nature is always striving towards perfection, and these ideas are rooted in the past rather than reality. View in LinkedIn

THE 500 MILE EMAIL is a cute story about a perplexing problem caused by programmer error. http://www.ibiblio.org/harris/500milemail.html View in LinkedIn

BUILT-IN BUG PATHS. "It's important to add that using those defects (instead of designing around them like humans do) can lead to improper work quite easily, depending on stability of the power supply, temperature or magnetic field." https://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/comments/3d3vct View in LinkedIn

MYR PROCESSOR YEARS. "Sure, if you write a mutation algorithm that silently runs for a few million processor-years, sure you won't understand the result... but that's a fault of your programming." https://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/comments/3d3vct View in LinkedIn