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PARASITIC COMPLEX LIFESTYLES. "Parasitic helminths comprise an astounding diversity of life cycles, using up to four hosts and a diverse array of transmission modes. A widespread and large group of parasites with a complex life cycle are digenean trematodes. The wide majority of trematodes use three hosts." https://lnkd.in/d7s-kUM View in LinkedIn

PLANT COMPLEX LIFESTYLES. "Complex life styles and alternation of generations are characteristic of many plants, a diploid sporophyte alternating with a haploid gametophyte." http://www.jstor.org/stable/2398799?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents View in LinkedIn

ELEPHANT IN THE ROOM. "A rather small number of papers...addresses the possible selective advantages or disadvantages of reproducing sexually or asexually, of being haploid or diploid, or of having more than one morphological generation." How is easier to answer for scientists than why. https://lnkd.in/dCDJiTr View in LinkedIn

DIVERSITY AND OPTIONS. "Metazoan life cycles can be complex in different ways. A number of diverse phenotypes and reproductive events can sequentially occur along the cycle, and at certain stages a variety of developmental and reproductive options can be available to the animal, the choice among which depends on a combination of organismal and environmental conditions." https://lnkd.in/dznr758 View in LinkedIn

NOT STATIC SNAPSHOT. "J.T. Bonner (1965) noted that the ultimate description of an organism is that of the life cycle. An organism is not the static representation of the adult we associate with taxonomic characterizations and most ecological theory, but the dynamic unfolding of the genome over ontogeny, and the consequent succession of life history stages or forms." https://lnkd.in/dbkNaGR View in LinkedIn

"ONTOGENY (also ontogenesis or morphogenesis) is the origination and development of an organism, usually from the time of fertilization of the egg to the organism's mature form - although the term can be used to refer to the study of the entirety of an organism's lifespan. Ontogeny is the developmental history of an organism within its own lifetime, as distinct from phylogeny, which refers to the evolutionary history of a species." https://lnkd.in/d6baUsv View in LinkedIn

NICHE CHANGES. "Complex life cycles are characterized by niche shifts at the time of metamorphosis." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/2937184/full View in LinkedIn

ECOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL. "Complex life cycles occur whenever organisms pass through two or more distinct ecological and morphological phases for each complete generation." https://lnkd.in/demzAM6 View in LinkedIn

DISTINCT PHASE LIFESTYLES. "Life cycles that incorporate discrete, morphologically distinct phases predominate among animals." https://lnkd.in/dSJ56Et View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE deals with the issue of complex life styles in biology. When you look at the extraordinary contrivances of nature, it is natural to wonder why they exist. Some lifestyles and some developmental paths of creatures appear to be peculiarly tortuous. The double fertilization development of Angiosperm plants is an example, as is the life cycle of some marine creatures and parasites. This is a look into some of these cases in the hope of coming to so e global conclusions about why they exist. View in LinkedIn