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DIVERGENCE OF DUPLICATES. "Gene duplication has been associated with enabling neo- and sub-functionalization whereby duplicate genes may diverge." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

NEW FUNCTIONS. "This divergence can occur via sub-functionalization such that the duplicate copies obtain differential expression patterns in terms of tissue specificity or stress response. Alternatively, one of the duplicates can obtain a novel function, a process known as neo-functionalization. In a number of species, recent work has associated gene duplication with divergent gene expression patterns in response to developmental or abiotic stress cues." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

EMERGING TECHNIQUES. "The robot observes its own gripper and corrects its motions in real time. It also exhibits interesting pre-grasp behaviors, like isolating a single object from a group. All of these behaviors emerged naturally from learning, rather than being programmed into the system." http://googleresearch.blogspot.com.es/2016/03/deep-learning-for-robots-learning-from.html View in LinkedIn

DUPLICATION OPTIONS. "Following either tandem or segmental duplication events, one of the duplicated genes can be rendered non-functional via the accumulation of deleterious mutations. Alternatively, both duplicated genes can be maintained if the presence of both copies is advantageous. Over time, the function of these duplicated genes can diverge from the ancestral gene or from each other." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

SEEDS OF INTELLIGENT BEHAVIORS. "The robot is constantly predicting, by observing the motion of its own hand, which kind of subsequent motion will maximize its chances of success. The result is continuous feedback: what we might call hand-eye coordination. Observing the behavior of the robot after over 800,000 grasp attempts, which is equivalent to about 3000 robot-hours of practice, we can see the beginnings of intelligent reactive behaviors." http://googleresearch.blogspot.com.es/2016/03/deep-learning-for-robots-learning-from.html View in LinkedIn

GENE FATES. "An additional possibility is that gene duplicates may also undergo partitioning of function among different genotypes of a species leading to genetic differentiation. Finally, the ability of gene duplicates to diverge may be limited by their biological function." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this contemplation of the evolution of metabolism on a cliffhanger, to be completed next weekend. When you look at texts about metabolism, it is easy to think that these are stable systems, but were the clock of time speeded up, it would show enormous changes, adaptation and plasticity. After all, it evolved to accommodate a newly oxygenated world in its relative infancy, and survived that tremendous challenge. And so it continues to adapt. View in LinkedIn

TANDEM VERSUS SEGMENTAL DUPLICATIONS. Tandems duplications are small and younger local events, segmental duplications are large and older events. View in LinkedIn

IMPACT ON METABOLISM. "I estimated the impact of gene duplication and metabolic function upon intraspecific gene expression variation of segmental and tandem duplicated genes within Arabidopsis thaliana." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

SMALLER TANDEM DUPLICATIONS. "In addition to whole genome events, small local events can generate tandem duplicated genes which are often considered younger than segmental duplicated genes obtained from a whole genome duplication." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn