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FRAGMENT FROM NATURE continues from last weekend and concludes this weekend on the theme of how complexity arose, and the implications for cooperation. Evolution is an ongoing reality, and while we look at trends in plants and animals, it is tempting to speculate about where the next big step is for humanity, if we do not succeed in making our own extinction, and that of the planet at the same time. View in LinkedIn

SWARM BENEFITS. "The potential benefits of such approach are several: robustness: the failure of individual elements does not degrade significantly the performance of the entire system;" "simplicity: the individual behavior is simple but still it allows to reduce the complexity of individuals; " "scalability: the control mechanisms used do not depend on the agents number within a swarm." https://lnkd.in/dTg7N-6 View in LinkedIn

NOT PERFECT. "How does an enzyme evolve from a given ancestral function to novel functions through descent with modification? Following scrutiny of multitude enzyme behaviors, it has been increasingly recognized that enzymes are not as ‘perfected’ as we assumed, but rather contain varying levels of catalytic promiscuity." https://lnkd.in/d3RnrBP View in LinkedIn

SWARM SOCIETY. "The emergence of such a complex behavior extends beyond the swarms. Complex social structures are similar in bigger animals as well as other types of insects. Some examples are colonies of ants and termites, flocks of birds, schools of fish, colonies of bacteria, or even herds of terrestrial animals." https://lnkd.in/dTg7N-6 View in LinkedIn

ENZYMATIC SALTATIONS. "Enzymes are erroneously considered exquisitely precise and efficient molecular catalysts. Natural enzymes are also evolvable: in other words, they can migrate through mutational trajectories to arrive at alternative catalytic activities, sometimes in unexpected saltatory fashion." https://lnkd.in/d3RnrBP View in LinkedIn

CONFLUENCE OF MANY. "Swarm Intelligence is a set of heuristic solutions inspired by animal swarm behaviors and capable to offer empirical solutions to many computationally hard problems pertaining to several disciplines." https://lnkd.in/dTg7N-6 View in LinkedIn

REPURPOSING OLDER FORMS. "New specialized metabolic pathways continuously emerged in a lineage-specific manner by independently recruiting and refining descendants of these radiating families to catalyze sequential chemical reactions." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.12416/full View in LinkedIn

SYNERGISTIC AMPLIFICATION. "Individuals with very limited computational capabilities are able to carry out very complex tasks when they can work together." https://lnkd.in/dTg7N-6 View in LinkedIn

MODIFYING EXISTING TOOLKIT. "Third, the expansion of the specialized metabolism in plants did not involve the emergence of new protein folds, but rather the extensive exploitation of the sequence space in the pre-existing protein folds by natural selection. Many of these fold families are rooted in more ancient primary metabolic systems." https://lnkd.in/d3RnrBP View in LinkedIn

EMERGING COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR. "Swarm robotics is the study of how large the number of relatively simple physically embodied agents can be designed such that a desired collective behavior emerges from the local interaction among agents and between the agents and the environment." https://lnkd.in/dTg7N-6 View in LinkedIn