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IMPACT ON GENES. “Exposure to chronic low levels of light at night alters circadian clock genes in both the SCN and peripheral tissue in mice. Exposure to dim light at night specifically attenuates the rhythm in Per1 and Per2 gene and protein expression in the SCN around the light/dark transition.” (SCN = Suprachiasmatic nucleus). https://lnkd.in/dH6Ha79 View in LinkedIn

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT. “In contrast to constant dark or dim light, exposure to continuous bright light produces locomotor activity arrhythmicity and flattens circadian rhythms in glucocorticoids and body temperature, two principle outputs of the circadian system.” https://lnkd.in/dH6Ha79 View in LinkedIn

LIGHT PATHWAY. “Light is the most potent synchronizing factor for the SCN. Light information travels directly from intrinsically photosensitive melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells through the retinohypothalamic tract to the SCN. The SCN receives additional indirect input from intrinsically photosensitive melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells via the intergeniculate nucleus and input from rods and cones.” (SCN = Suprachiasmatic nucleus). https://lnkd.in/dH6Ha79 View in LinkedIn

KNOCKOUT RESTORATION. “The implantation of an SCN from wild-type mice into genetically arrhythmic Cry1/Cry2 double knockout mice restores rhythmic locomotor activity. Therefore, peripheral oscillators play only a subordinate role, if any, in establishing rest-activity cycles.” (SCN = Suprachiasmatic nucleus). http://www.smw.ch/content/smw-2014-13984/ View in LinkedIn

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OSCILLATOR NEURONS. “Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) "itself is composed of ~20,000 neurons, each of which is thought to contain a cell autonomous circadian oscillator. The SCN functions as a network in which the population of SCN cells are coupled together and oscillate in a coherent manner." https://lnkd.in/dBQ96E6 View in LinkedIn

EMBEDDED CLOCKS. “Throughout the majority of the cells in the body, cell autonomous circadian clocks are intimately enmeshed within metabolic pathways.” https://lnkd.in/dBQ96E6 View in LinkedIn

ANATOMICAL LOCUS. “In the central suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, a coupled population of neuronal circadian oscillators acts as a master pacemaker for the organism to drive rhythms in activity and rest, feeding, body temperature and hormones. Coupling within the SCN network confers robustness to the SCN pacemaker which in turn provides stability to the overall temporal architecture of the organism.” https://lnkd.in/dBQ96E6 View in LinkedIn

TRIPARTITE OSCILLATORS. “The mammalian circadian system is organized around three major physiological components: an input pathway by which environmental cues (most importantly light) are transmitted to the central or 'master' pacemaker, the central pacemaker itself, and finally a set of output pathways by which the central pacemaker regulates circadian rhythms throughout the body.” https://lnkd.in/d3X7KfC View in LinkedIn

KEY CLOCK GENES. “Core clock components are defined as genes with protein products that are essential for the generation and regulation of circadian rhythms. Ablation of any of the core clock genes, Clock or Bmal1, Per1 or Per2, or Cry1 or Cry2, disrupts circadian physiology.” https://lnkd.in/dH6Ha79 View in LinkedIn