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FRAGMENT FROM NATURE continues from last weekend and concludes this weekend on the evolutionary origin of the human nose. It is a case study of a dual function organ, respiration and olfaction combined, and how those two functions came together in surprising ways. Just as the functions of breathing, swallowing, and vocalization came together in a single organ — an unlikely combination at best — these cases illustrate that nature and logic are remotely related. View in LinkedIn

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ANCIENT SHARED SIGNAL. "The plant hormone auxin is an important player for interkingdom communication in the rhizosphere. It is not only a crucial signaling molecule for plant biology, but it is also an ancient signaling molecule used by microorganisms." http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00044/full View in LinkedIn

"ROOT TIPS are most active with respect to feeding the rhizosphere, with the largest carbon depositions situated around the first 3 mm of maize roots, which include—besides the root cap—the meristem and the transition zone." http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00044/full View in LinkedIn

RHIZOSPHERE. "This unique ecosphere represents one of the most energy-rich habitats on Earth. Plants invest about 20% of their photosynthetically fixed carbon into feeding the rhizosphere microbiome and other organisms living in this unique ecosphere." http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00044/full View in LinkedIn

SHIFT TO LAND. "It is assumed that land plants evolved from algae, but the initial invasion of dry and rocky land was probably possible only through an alliance of ancient algae and fungi. Only alliances of fungi, algae, and bacteria could allow for the shift from ocean to hostile land environments, where progressive transformation led to emergence of fertile life-supporting land." http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00044/full View in LinkedIn

PLANT EVOLUTION INCLUDED "high phenotypic plasticity, lateral gene transfer, and an abundant record of symbiosis." http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00044/full View in LinkedIn

DRY NOSE TYPES. “In most haplorhines, there is a considerable reduction of their snout length when compared to strepsirrhines. There is one more important anatomical distinction between these two subOrders of primates that resides within the nasal fossa and that is an absence of a transverse lamina in haplorhines, which translates in them not having a bony partition separating the respiratory and olfactory region within the nasal cavity proper.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

INDEPENDENT EVOLUTIONARY PATH. "During higher plant evolution, plants drastically increased the complexity of their bodies, with recent angiosperms representing the most evolved plants. It seems that the first roots, shoots, and leaves evolved together with the evolution of the first xylem and phloem elements, representing the vascular system. Roots and shoots, as well as vascular elements, followed an independent evolutionary path in vascular plants." http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00044/full View in LinkedIn

PRIMATE NOSE TYPES. “The word haplorhine means “dry nose” whereas strepsirrhine means “wet nose”. As a result, strepsirrhine primates exhibit wet noses similarly to dogs and cats. Haplorhine primates have a fused frontal bone suture as well as a fused mandibular symphysis.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn