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SNAPDRAGON MORPHOLOGY. "In A. majus, both paralogues are expressed in the dorsal petals only; however, one copy is more restricted than the other. In other groups, however, the CYC2 expression pattern...has been found. CYC2 genes then activate RAD in the broadest zone of expression. This results in differential expression of DIV, with diffuse expression in dorsal regions and localized epidermal expression in ventral regions. This could result in trichomes developing only in the ventral region." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13198/full View in LinkedIn

GENE DUPLICATION EVENT. "A shift to a bilaterally symmetrical flower generally entails two correlated events: the duplication into two CYC2 paralogues and the dorsal restriction of both paralogues. Additionally, in many groups one paralogue is more dorsally restricted than the other paralogue." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13198/full View in LinkedIn

DOWNSTREAM CONTROL. "When CYC2 is ubiquitously expressed, then RAD is activated throughout the corolla, which inhibits DIV. DIV remains diffusely expressed throughout the corolla, perhaps not sufficiently to result in the up-regulation of AmMYBL1, leading to the loss of trichomes." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13198/full View in LinkedIn

GENE CASCADE. "In the absence of RAD, DIVARICATA (DIV) localizes to the surface epidermal cells where it may up-regulate AmMYBL1 (a MIXTA-like gene), resulting (at least in Antirrhinum majus) in trichome formation throughout the corolla tube." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13198/full View in LinkedIn

SYMMETRIC GENE EXPRESSION. "In radially symmetrical flowers, expression of CYCLOIDEA2 (CYC2) genes have been shown to be either not expressed or ubiquitously expressed. When CYC2 is not expressed, RADIALIS (RAD) is no longer activated." (See Figure 1). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13198/full View in LinkedIn

BILATERAL HYPOTHESIS. "This sets up the hypothesis that species with bilaterally symmetrical flowers are homologous in their capacity to undergo a shift to dorsal expression, even though the location of gene expression itself is independently derived across independently evolved bilaterally symmetrical groups." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13198/full View in LinkedIn

GENE EXPRESSION SHIFT. "In core eudicots, members of the CYC2 clade of ECE genes independently shift from equivalent dorsoventral expression across the corolla (either ubiquitously expressed or not expressed) in radially symmetric flowers to dorsally restricted expression in bilaterally symmetrical flowers." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13198/full View in LinkedIn

And Girona also has its share of outsized doors. View in LinkedIn

SOUND AND PLANTS has been a contentious subject, not helped by urban myths and magical thinking. This has reduced the appetite of mainstream researchers to conduct research in this area, for fear of ridicule and risking tenure-track ascendancy; however, some brave souls have shown that behind the voodoo, there is some solid evidence of plant-sound interactions. View in LinkedIn