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HIGH-ENERGY RADIATION. “A number of observations by space-based telescopes have revealed even higher energy gamma ray emissions, the so-called terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs). These observations pose a challenge to current theories of lightning, especially with the recent discovery of the clear signatures of antimatter produced in lightning.” https://lnkd.in/dYPiEzS View in LinkedIn

LIGHTNING ENERGY. "The production of X-rays by a bolt of lightning was theoretically predicted as early as 1925 but no evidence was found until 2001/2000. The cause of the X-ray emissions is still a matter for research, as the temperature of lightning is too low to account for the X-rays observed.” https://lnkd.in/dYPiEzS View in LinkedIn

Another all tells a story. View in LinkedIn

LIGHTNING. "On Earth, the lightning frequency is approximately 40–50 times a second or nearly 1.4 billion flashes per year and the average duration is 0.2 seconds made up from a number of much shorter flashes (strokes) of around 30 microseconds." https://lnkd.in/dYPiEzS View in LinkedIn

PENROSE TILING PATTERNS and the pentagon snowflake. https://lnkd.in/dkurvMJ View in LinkedIn

AEROSOL ELECTRIFICATION. "Stratified regions of aerosol will charge in the atmosphere under quiescent conditions as a result of ion transport by the conduction current. Although the charges carried are unlikely to be sufficiently large to initiate bulk discharge processes such as lightning, the distribution of charges expected on aerosols under natural ion asymmetry may yield a small fraction of particles with significant charge levels.” https://lnkd.in/dmetfSb View in LinkedIn

CHARGED DUST. “As long ago as 1850, Michael Faraday commented on the peculiarities of the production and discharge of electric charges during sandstorms, a phenomenon repeatedly rediscovered over the intervening century and a half. Similarly, sand is known to become strongly electrified by helicopters traveling in desert environments, producing spark and explosion hazards, and the issue even has implications for missions to the Moon and to Mars, where charged dust degrades solar cell viability and clings to spacesuits, limiting the lifetime of their joints.” http://arxiv.org/pdf/1003.5188 View in LinkedIn

CHARGED IONS. “Regions of aerosol particles, some of which may acquire appreciable charges, are the principal perturbation to atmospheric electric fields under fair weather conditions. In general the upper and lower surfaces of a horizontal region of particles or droplets will charge from ions flowing vertically as a result of the fair weather conduction current, and the region within the layer will be of low conductivity compared with that of the surrounding air.” https://lnkd.in/dmetfSb View in LinkedIn

SAND CHARGES. “Grains in desert sandstorms spontaneously generate strong electrical charges; likewise volcanic dust plumes produce spectacular lightning displays. Charged particle clouds also cause devastating explosions in food, drug and coal processing industries.” https://lnkd.in/dW6wCcD View in LinkedIn