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FRAGMENT FROM NATURE contemplates the human facial structure which enables language and emotional communication. The musculature and structure of the human face seems excessively complex. Darwin’s The Expression of the Emotions in Humans and Animals (1872) is a classic, wherein he observed his screaming child and analyzed the muscles responsible for the behavior. Since then, thinking about the human face has matured, and the reasons behind our complex mask are revealing themselves. View in LinkedIn

Tis the season of the glorious Amaryllis. View in LinkedIn

SNOWFLAKES. “Ice can form homogeneously by either freezing liquid water, or directly through vapor deposition to the crystalline phase. As is the case for the homogeneous nucleation of liquid water surface tension effects imply that for a given supersaturation an ice-embryo must reach a critical size. For ice-embryo’s smaller than this critical size an increase in the crystal size implies an increase in the change of the free energy of the system.” http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/fileadmin/staff/stevensbjorn/teaching/skript-5.pdf View in LinkedIn

LOSS OF AREA. “Existing data indicates that the absolute olfactory surface area (SA) is dissimilar in anthropoids and strepsirrhines. Anthropoids may possess far less olfactory SA than similarly sized or even smaller sized strepsirrhines.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.23035/full View in LinkedIn

SIMPLIFIED NASAL REGION. “The internal morphology of the nasal region is so profoundly different between monkeys and strepsirrhine primates that Cave (1973) opined that the latter be removed from the order Primates. Thus, along the entire anterior to posterior axis, the anthropoid nasal cavity is simplified by virtue of reduced turbinal projections.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.23035/full View in LinkedIn

MIDFACE RECONFIGURATION. “The reduced modern anthropoid midface may be hypothesized to relate, both in an evolutionary and developmental manner, to an altered configuration among the functional matrices that influence midfacial position, including the eye, brain, dentition, and mucosa-lined nasal air spaces. Unknown is the extent to which the anthropoid midface is reoriented, reduced, or both.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.23035/full View in LinkedIn

EVOLUTIONARY SHIFTS. “These evolutionary innovations are associated with a shift away from communication centered primarily on chemical senses toward the greater inclusion of auditory and visual communication modes. Increased reliance on auditory and visual communication was also accompanied by reorganizations within the auditory, visual, and olfactory regions of the brain.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.12440/full View in LinkedIn

FACE CONNECTED TRAITS. “Mammals evolved features including heterodonty (teeth of different shapes), mammary glands and suckling, an external nose, mobile vibrissae, and mobile external ears, all of which are related to the face.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.12440/full View in LinkedIn

FUNCTIONAL CLUSTER. “The evolution of the vertebrate face provided a location where most of the sensory organs and the innovation of dentition could be clustered, greatly increasing foraging and hunting efficiency relative to invertebrates.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.12440/full View in LinkedIn

FACE CONCEPT. “Vertebrate faces "may be conceptualized as consisting of structurally and functionally integrated units based upon these demands but evolution of these units and the face as a whole are constrained by phylogeny and developmental pathways.” https://lnkd.in/dfD33KM View in LinkedIn