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BOW SHOCK. “The low-density tail lobes in the nightside magnetotail connect magnetically to the high-latitude polar caps at one end and to the interplanetary field at the other end. The effects of the strong dipole are not seen tailward of about 20 RE. Beyond that distance, the fields in the northern and southern tail lobes are nearly antiparallel and have an almost constant intensity of about 20 nT over a long range of distances from the Earth.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

SHOCK WAVE. “As the solar wind flow past the magnetosphere is both supersonic and super-Alfvénic, a bow shock is formed upstream of the magnetopause, and the flow is decelerated within the magnetosheath between the shock and the magnetopause.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

FLORAL NETWORK. “Thus, all these regulators of the floral transition form a small network with multiple interactions among themselves (and, undoubtedly, additional interactions still remain to be discovered), which is ultimately resolved in the upregulation of floral meristem identity genes.” https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952510001873 View in LinkedIn

PATH TO THE NEXT GENERATION. “The responses to various external and internal conditions are integrated by a complex gene regulatory network that controls this transition. Consequently, the regulation of flowering time has been a major adaptive trait during plant evolution and domestication.” https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952510001873 View in LinkedIn

COMBINED CUES. “In summary, the expression of both floral promoters (FT and SOC1) and floral repressors (FLC and SVP) is regulated by several flowering time pathways, thereby responding to multiple external or endogenous cues in each case.” https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952510001873 View in LinkedIn

DOWNSTREAM EFFECT. “Thus, the vernalization-dependent downregulation of FLC enables Arabidopsis to flower by producing a systemic signal in the leaf (FT) and by conferring competence to the meristem to respond to it.” https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952510001873 View in LinkedIn

“VERNALIZATION decreases FLC expression, which allows the induction of FT in leaves and the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth at the shoot apex, through the systemic signaling system that FT represents.” https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952510001873 View in LinkedIn

GENETIC REPRESSORS. “These so-called floral repressors...acts both in leaves and the apical meristem and, with its expression controlled by epigenetic mechanisms as well as at a direct transcriptional level, acts as the central component of the vernalization response pathway.” https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952510001873 View in LinkedIn