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ENORMOUS SCALE. “As this thin current sheet grows unstable, a rapid dissipation process quickly expands to a large-scale reconnection event whose effects are observable over a large portion of the coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere system.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

MAGNETOSPHERE SHAPE. “The current sheet at the tail center has a thickness of only a few hundred kilometers (comparable to the thermal ion gyroradius), and the magnetic field component normal to the current sheet becomes very small, only a few nanotesla.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

VIOLENT OUTPUT. “Substorms typically occur at a rate of four to five per day, each lasting typically two to three hours. They are initiated by enhanced dayside reconnection and hence increased energy input to the magnetosphere. This causes a configuration change in the magnetosphere including enhancement of the magnetospheric current systems and formation of a thin and intense current sheet from near-geostationary distance outward.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

ENERGY VENTING. “Variability in the north-south orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field causes episodic energy loading-dissipation cycles termed magnetospheric substorms.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

DRIVER OF MAGNETIC STORMS. “The ring current is populated both by efficient convection and injection of plasma sheet particles into the inner region and by strongly enhanced ion outflow from the ionosphere. At times, the ionospheric outflow can be strong enough for the ionospheric oxygen to dominate the energy density in the ring current.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

“MAGNETIC STORMS typically last from about 12 hours to a few days. Storms are characterized by the formation of an intense ring current encircling the Earth with current peak at about 4 RE, i.e., well inside the geostationary orbit.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

SOLAR WIND. “As it takes several hours of southward interplanetary field and/or high solar wind speed to create a magnetic storm, they often follow from the interaction of a fast solar wind stream, an interplanetary magnetic cloud, an ICME, or other coherent solar wind structure.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn