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MAGNETOSPHERE SHAPE. “The current sheet at the tail center has a thickness of only a few hundred kilometers (comparable to the thermal ion gyroradius), and the magnetic field component normal to the current sheet becomes very small, only a few nanotesla.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

VIOLENT OUTPUT. “Substorms typically occur at a rate of four to five per day, each lasting typically two to three hours. They are initiated by enhanced dayside reconnection and hence increased energy input to the magnetosphere. This causes a configuration change in the magnetosphere including enhancement of the magnetospheric current systems and formation of a thin and intense current sheet from near-geostationary distance outward.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

ENERGY VENTING. “Variability in the north-south orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field causes episodic energy loading-dissipation cycles termed magnetospheric substorms.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

ENERGY GYRES. “It is estimated that about half of the energy that enters via the dayside reconnection process is processed in the inner magnetosphere and ionosphere, while the other half is carried by the plasmoid(s) back to the solar wind.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

GIANT FLUX. “Magnetic reconnection in the tail leads to formation of a plasma structure where the field lines are no longer connected to the Earth. This plasmoid is accelerated tailward and ejects a large portion of the plasma sheet plasma, magnetic flux, and energy back to the solar wind.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

UNCERTAINTIES. “It is debated whether the substorm-associated magnetic field variations and the associated (inductive) electric fields are necessary for the buildup of the ring current energy density.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

SUBSTORMS. “While substorms can occur without magnetic storms, almost all storms include also substorm activity. The interaction of the inner magnetosphere storm-associated processes with the magnetotail substorm-associated processes is highly complex, and presently under active study.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

MASSIVE EVENTS. “Storms as largest magnetospheric disturbances are associated with many of the space weather phenomena.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

DRIVER OF MAGNETIC STORMS. “The ring current is populated both by efficient convection and injection of plasma sheet particles into the inner region and by strongly enhanced ion outflow from the ionosphere. At times, the ionospheric outflow can be strong enough for the ionospheric oxygen to dominate the energy density in the ring current.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

“MAGNETIC STORMS typically last from about 12 hours to a few days. Storms are characterized by the formation of an intense ring current encircling the Earth with current peak at about 4 RE, i.e., well inside the geostationary orbit.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn