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CONSISTENT FINDINGS. “It is very important that the DNA of the same microorganisms (Delftia sp.; Mycobacteria sp.; Archaebacteria) was repeatedly found at different sites of the station in different years.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

NUMEROUS REPEAT EXPERIMENTS. “Due to the importance of the results showing the presence of wild bacterial DNA in cosmic dust, we repeated the collection of cosmic dust on the ISS surface many times during several years (2013–2016). During the experiments in open space during 2013–2016, more than ten probes of cosmic dust were collected. “ https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

CARE OF CONTAMINATION. “It must be emphasized that, to avoid drift of terrestrial bacteria into space, the sampler “TEST” was sterilized in an autoclave and with γ- radiation. After the dust was collected from the surface of the ISS, the astronaut screwed the tampon holder into the body of the sampler “TEST” in the open space, so that the swab remained in vacuum until the sampler was opened in the terrestrial laboratory, which was also important to avoid nucleic acids contamination.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

EARLIER FAILURE. “The absence of PCR product in the samples of «Tanpopo» mission can be explained by the short duration of exposure and the location of the sampler. We guessed that a surface of the ISS is a more effective trap for the space dust, because it gathers the dispersed particles from the vacuum, just in the same way as the dust particles, including bacterial and fungal spores, are adsorbed from the gas phase on the surface of aircraft.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

PART OF A SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS. “Previously, researches have already collected cosmic dust on the ISS, trying to find the ionosphere bacteria from the lower atmosphere. For this task, in the experiment «Tanpopo» a special collector of cosmic dust on the basis of hydrophobic aerogel was constructed on the Japanese segment of the ISS.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

FIRST HYPOTHESIS. “We might conjecture that viable forms or at least intact DNA can be transferred to the ISS orbit with the ascending branch of the global electric circuit (GEC).” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

FIVE YEAR GAP. “Cosmonaut Misurkin A. A. (a crew member of the expedition 36) during his spacewalk (22.08.2013) collected the samples of space dust using the tampon from the sampler “TEST” (Central Research Institute of Machine Building).” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

TWO YEAR MINIMAL SPACE SURVIVAL. “Results of these experiments confirmed the possibility of organisms preserving viability in the open space for a minimum of two years, and this gave rise to an interest in the question of living organisms being transferred from the stratosphere to the near-Earth space.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

RUSSIAN PUBLICATION: “The DNA of Bacteria of the World Ocean and the Earth in Cosmic Dust at the International Space Station. By T. V. Grebennikova, A. V. Syroeshkin, E. V. Shubralova, O. V. Eliseeva, L. V. Kostina, N. Y. Kulikova, O. E. Latyshev, M. A. Morozova, A. G. Yuzhakov, I. A. Zlatskiy, M. A. Chichaeva, and O. S. Tsygankov.” (April 2018). https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

SPACE SURVIVAL CONFIRMATIONS. “From the time of the first orbiting satellites to modern projects experiments in open space have shown extraordinary, possibly months-long resilience and survival of different taxonomic groups in the damaging radiation of near space.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn