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THE OPTIONS. “It is clear that there are different possible ways of dust transport to (and from) ISS not excluding the possibility of interstellar or interplanetary panspermia (Figure 5).” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

UPWARD MECHANISM HYPOTHESIS. “Transfer from the stratosphere to the ionosphere might be possible with the ascending branch of the global electrical circuit due to a variety of coupled mechanisms of turbulent electrothermodiffusion accompanied by mass transfer of dispersible material although these processes need further exploration.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

UNKNOWN BIOSPHERE BOUNDARY. “The result of this transfer is a steady presence of a microbial community in the stratosphere (Table 2, line 2), thus raising the question of the upper boundary of the biosphere.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

BEYOND THE UPWARD CURRENT. “Transport from the troposphere to the stratosphere is also well described. It should be stressed that the transfer of dispersed particles from the troposphere to the stratosphere is possible not only during/via catastrophic events (volcanic eruptions, forest fires), but also during the passage of vortex areas where the troposphere dramatically changes its height.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

VERIFIED LOWER UPWARD CURRENT. “Aerosol transport, including living organisms, from the Earth’s surface to the troposphere is well described. The examples of bacterial genera, which can be attributed to the aerobes of troposphere, indicating the transport mechanisms from the surface of the ocean and land, are presented in the third line of Table 2.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

FURTHER WORK NEEDED. “Of course, this phenomenon needs further exploration, perhaps sequencing of other genes of bacteria from this genus. However, we can state that the upward transport of bacterial DNA is one explanation of the close similarity.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

SIMILAR TO TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS. “Phylogenetic dendrogram (Figure 4) shows that the DNA sequence discovered in samples of cosmic dust has 93% identity with two of the five Mycobacteria sequences found in the samples from the marine surface micro layer and marine aerosol in the Russian Western Arctic.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE continues from last time and concludes this weekend with an article by Russian scientists on the finding of microbes outside the International Space Station. After this was first announced there was a five year gap before this publication emerged; the reason was that they were being very thorough in confirming numerous times their findings. In my view, this is a landmark publication for humanity. View in LinkedIn

EARTH MATERIAL IN UPWARD DRIFT. “It is worth noting that the intensity of generation of aqueous aerosol, including bacterial plankton, from the Earth’s surface can reach up to 6 Mt per year.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

Stubborn beauty in the winter cold. Hope will find a way. View in LinkedIn