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THE FRACTAL EQUATION: Take a small number, square it, add the original number, feed back into the original equation, square it, add the original number, ad infinitum. For some numbers nothing happens (ie: 0,1) but for others it grows very quickly and escapes to infinity. This generates infinite complexity from such a simple formula. https://youtu.be/fFyC68CIEio View in LinkedIn

CLOUD FORMATION. “At ground level, the cosmic ray particles cause ionization, and the associated vertical electric currents can influence the production of ice-forming nuclei and clouds in the upper troposphere. These effects might be related to local decreases in the amount of cloud cover associated with short-term changes in the cosmic rays due to increased solar activity.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

COSMIC RAYS AND AEROSOLS. “The correlation of cosmic rays on only low-altitude cloud cover suggests that the cosmic rays may influence the formation of aerosols and through that the abundance of condensation nuclei in the atmosphere which can form liquid water drops.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

UNDERGROUND PIPES. “In buried pipelines, geomagnetically induced currents and the associated pipe-to-soil voltages contribute to corrosion and disturb corrosion control surveys and protection systems.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

CRITICAL VARIABLE. “However, the effects in the near-Earth environment critically depend on the polarity of the magnetic cloud, i.e., whether the magnetic field rotates from north to south or vice versa.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

WARNING SYSTEM. “Coronal mass ejection occurrence is routinely recorded and their travel direction determined from solar coronagraph data. Space weather warnings are given for those ICME events that propagate in a direction that probably will lead to encounter with the Earth’s space environment.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

EARLY WARNINGS. “Prediction schemes have been developed based on a combination of earlier values of radiation belt fluxes, and past and present solar wind parameters. When these conditions are compared against a database of earlier driver-effect events, the closest comparison event can be used as a forecast of what lies 24–48 hours ahead.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

OBSERVABILITY. “Thus, it is possible to use the gross behavior of the outer zone electron population on day timescales using a single or a few satellites only.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

COSMIC DRIVERS. “Electron radiation belt climatology has shown that the entire outer radiation zone tends to vary in a relatively coherent way under the influence of major external drivers (high-speed solar wind streams, CMEs, magnetic clouds).” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

COSMIC IMPACT. “The current magnitudes that are a potential risk for a power transmission system are highly dependent on transformer design and on other engineering details of the network. This means that any space weather hazard assessment must include the details of the engineering solutions in the estimates.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn