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BACTERIOPHAGES ARE THE MOST UBIQUITOUS "microorganisms on Earth ... (i) the total number is estimated to be 10(30)-10(32) phage particles or plaque-forming units (PFU); (ii) within the United States, each person sheds approximately 3 x 10(9) PFU of coliphages per day; (iii) 1 ml of nonpolluted water often contains as many as 2 x 10(8) PFU of phages." http://lnkd.in/digJGBR View in LinkedIn

PHAGE SAFETY. "Phages ... cannot infect eukaryotic cells ... we are exposed to them routinely ... In the 90 years during which phages have been used to treat human infections, their use has led to no reported serious side effects" http://lnkd.in/digJGBR View in LinkedIn

PHAGE SPECIFICITY. Phages are highly specific for the type of species and strain within that species of bacteria that they prey on, and are obligate parasites for that target group. They have co-evolved over vast time frames, and as the host tries to evade predation by the phage, the phage develops strategies to overcome that resistance. http://lnkd.in/dyYTNk7 View in LinkedIn

SELECTIVE REMOVAL OF PATHOGENS from drinking water is not possible using chemical disinfectants, nor physical methods such as membranes, UV, or carbon filtration. At the end of the day, only bacteriophage control can selectively wipe out the undesirable bacteria and leave the good bacteria. The few advocates of probiotic water have not appeared to join the dots. View in LinkedIn

APPLYING MICROBIOME THINKING to water purification technology is the glimmer of hope for the future, but the advocates are few, the wish unformulated, and the data waiting to be presented. Furthermore, the water purification industry, mostly in private hands, appears studiedly disinterested in any change from the status quo. View in LinkedIn

LARGE PUBLIC WATER distribution systems are simply too complex and prone to intrusions and leaks to manage effectively. It is simply an impossible task. Better that they adopt benign best practices to deliver water to small communities or individual households for final purification at Point of Entry to the homes. This appears to be the only logical solution to our current dilemma. View in LinkedIn

Welcome back!" "" "We hope everybody had a superb summer and look forward to seeing you again at BIOBASH. View in LinkedIn

Life found under deep ice. View in LinkedIn

Microbes on outside of space satellite View in LinkedIn

ECOLOGICAL THINKING is radically new to water purification, and the new advances in the microbiome are just starting to have influence. Just as with the "war on pathogens" with antibiotics, we are now just starting to think about abandoning the war concept for the collaboration model. Single chemical magic bullets have failed. Time to engage with nature. View in LinkedIn