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THREE TYPES OF BUTTERFLY WING SCALES. 1. Pigmentary scales are mostly flat. Their colour is the result of the presence of chemical pigments. 2. Structural scales: refraction, diffraction and interference patterns of light as it strikes or passes through the semi-transparent structural scales. 3. Androconia: tiny sacs containing scent ( pheromones ). https://lnkd.in/dQ6RpKU View in LinkedIn

TWITTER PICTURES for these blogs are available if you care to be visual. Twitter@TenFleming View in LinkedIn

A FRAGMENT FROM NATURE, like this set of today's entries will be periodically inserted into longer or transitioning blogs to give us all a moment's pause, on an unrelated topic. Sometimes a blog chapter needs a pure fragment from nature along the way to contrast with the pig's ear that we so often make of our human societies. View in LinkedIn

"THE WHO FRAMEWORK CONVENTION on Tobacco Control (FCTC) demonstrates the international political will invested in combating the tobacco pandemic and a newfound prominence for tobacco control within the global health agenda. However, major difficulties exist in managing conflicts with foreign and trade policy priorities." http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/21/2/274.full View in LinkedIn

"PHARMACEUTICAL FUNDING has been one of the key developments in the story of the anti-smoking movement in the last 20 years. Many millions of dollars have been spent financing groups who have campaigned for smoking bans, higher cigarette taxes and other tobacco control measures that have pushed smokers towards pharmaceutical nicotine." https://lnkd.in/d_vXF3P View in LinkedIn

NOVARTIS: "Together with various NGOs, we helped to foster a 'Smoke Free Partnership.' Our aim is to foster a policy and legislative environment which leads to better public health through strong tobacco control measures and increased availability of NRT in line with the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control." https://lnkd.in/dAMF8ZG View in LinkedIn

TOBACCO COMPANIES MOVE INTO E-CIGARETTES. "Tobacco manufacturers are moving into the manufacture and sale of electronic cigarettes, according to CNBC. The business, which brought in $400 million to $500 million in sales in 2012, is expected to at least double this year, one expert predicts." https://lnkd.in/dEuEAeA View in LinkedIn

PHARMA COMPETES WITH TOBACCO "in the nicotine market, and has funded anti-smoking NGOs and WHO initiatives." https://lnkd.in/dAMF8ZG View in LinkedIn

PHARMA-TOBACCO TIES. "Tobacco companies pressured pharmaceutical companies to scale back their smoking cessation educational materials that accompanied Nicorette. The second shows how they restricted to whom the pharmaceutical company could market its transdermal nicotine patch." And a third case. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12169078 View in LinkedIn

SMOKING ANTAGONISM BY PHARMA. "Glaxo Wellcome, Pfizer and Pharmacia all became supporters of WHO's tobacco free initiative (with) drugs such as Nicoderm, Zyban and Nicorette." In: Demons: Our changing attitudes to alcohol, tobacco, and drugs." View in LinkedIn