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SHELLS from species that are right spiraling (dextral) dominate the world of shell-handedness, and left spiraling in these right-dominated species occur only as rare mutations, ranging from one in hundreds to one in millions. https://lnkd.in/ewEX4X6 View in LinkedIn

FUNDAMENTAL PROCESS. "Circumnutations are absolutely growth dependent. Because circumnutation is clearly advantageous to the plant only in a small minority of cases (such as in twining plants) but is universally found in the plant kingdom, it is believed that some fundamental growth process underlies the behavior." https://lnkd.in/eNvcnv7 View in LinkedIn

CIRCUMNUTATIONS in plants, the vigorous asymmetric movements of leaves and tendrils, originally described by Charles Darwin, have fascinated biologists. The "internal oscillator" and gravity sensing controlled by genes, appear to be the drivers. https://lnkd.in/eWz-WRu View in LinkedIn

DIGITIZING PLANT GEOMETRY. Plant geometry is sufficiently complex to require sophisticated mathematical treatments merely to describe it, let alone operationalize on a season-by-season basis. https://lnkd.in/ewh8wVu View in LinkedIn

LEAF GEOMETRY. "The patterned arrangement of organs such as leaves around the shoot axis (phyllotaxy) represents another example of handedness in plants. A spiral/helical phyllotactic pattern where leaves are formed 137.5° apart predominates in nature." https://lnkd.in/eNvcnv7 View in LinkedIn

"THE HAWAIIN HIBISCUS flower is an example of a racemic species...plant species of Guttiferae, Malvaceae, and Oxalidiceae generally produce flowers with equal numbers of the two mirror image forms." https://lnkd.in/evp9VKA View in LinkedIn

"PLANT species of the families Guttiferae, Malvaceae and Oxalidaceae, however, generally develop clockwise- and anticlockwise-rotating flowers with equal frequency." https://lnkd.in/eNvcnv7 View in LinkedIn

"CLOCKWISE-rotating petals are found, for example, in oleander, whereas petals of the greater periwinkle are arranged in an anticlockwise fashion." https://lnkd.in/eNvcnv7 View in LinkedIn

"THE BRAIN-GUT AXIS is a bidirectional communication system between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. Serotonin functions as a key neurotransmitter at both terminals of this network. Accumulating evidence points to a critical role for the gut microbiome in regulating normal functioning of this axis." https://lnkd.in/enJwVms View in LinkedIn

"PETALS of several species are arranged like fan blades that all seem to twist in the same direction, forming either a clockwise or an anticlockwise appearance." https://lnkd.in/eNvcnv7 View in LinkedIn