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SYNCHRONIZED WITH THE PARASITE. "Plants such as Arabidopsis synchronize defence against herbivores by circadian JA accumulation with circadian insect behavior." https://lnkd.in/edPEBi9 View in LinkedIn

DEFENSE PRIMING. "Although induced defenses allow plants to avoid the costs of implementing defenses in the absence of enemies, plants may suffer considerable damage during the time required to mount defenses once attack occurs." https://lnkd.in/eabgX9e View in LinkedIn

MASSIVE MOLECULAR MACHINERY. Plant jasmonate (JA) "exerts its protective effects by regulating a wide range of defense-related processes, including the synthesis of toxic secondary metabolites, production of morphological barriers, and changes in the rate of vegetative growth. JA responses depend on large-scale changes in gene expression." https://lnkd.in/eKj_2Vj View in LinkedIn

INTERSPECIFIC COMMUNICATION. "Volatile phytochemicals can serve as airborne semiochemicals, promoting or deterring interactions between plants and insect herbivores. For example, wheat seedlings without herbivore damage attract aphids, whereas odors released from wheat seedlings with a high density of aphids repel other aphids." https://lnkd.in/etUrY6F View in LinkedIn

ALARM HORMONES released by plants include jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene (ET). Implicitly, they are released because (somehow) the plant knows there is a threat; and equally, who are these airborne signals designed to warn? https://lnkd.in/edPEBi9 View in LinkedIn

WARNING SIGNALS. "The emission of volatile compounds is detected when foliage is browsed by animals. Threatened plants are then able to take defensive chemical measures, such as moving tannin compounds to their foliage." https://lnkd.in/eq7X3tN View in LinkedIn

STRATEGIES OF SELF-PROTECTION. "Wounding by herbivores leads to (1) direct defence via synthesis of toxic compounds as well as toxic or antinutritional proteins such as proteinase inhibitors (PIs) and (2) indirect defence by release of volatiles to affect the attraction of carnivores, parasitoids and predators or by altered oviposition of herbivores." https://lnkd.in/edPEBi9 View in LinkedIn

COMMUNITY FIRE ALARM. "Leaves normally release small quantities of volatile chemicals, but when a plant is damaged by herbivorous insects, many more volatiles are released. They may also induce defense responses in neighboring plants" which may be of other species also. https://lnkd.in/etUrY6F View in LinkedIn

PLANT MICROORGANISM DEFENSE RESPONSES. "Defense responses include suicide of the attacked host cell (the so-called hypersensitive response); the production of antimicrobial secondary metabolites (called phytoalexins); the production of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, of which many exert antimicrobial properties; and the production and oxidative cross-linking of cell wall polymers." https://lnkd.in/erjTj6Y View in LinkedIn

INTERNAL FIRE ALARM. "Systemic regions can be either primed or induced to express defense responses depending apparently on the cost of the defense and the intensity of the signal." https://lnkd.in/eabgX9e View in LinkedIn