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PLANT CELL WALL IMMUNITY. "The frontline of plant defense systems consists of physical and chemical barriers such as the cell wall, waxes, hairs, antimicrobial enzymes, and secondary metabolites. If these obstacles are overcome, the pathogen is still confronted by elaborate surveillance systems in which molecular sentinels operate to activate resistance responses." https://lnkd.in/eRGXkHd View in LinkedIn

NF-KAPPA-B. Guess what? Plants also possess NFkB which like us, is activated by the toll pathway of the innate immune system, causing inflammation in the humans, but not plants. https://lnkd.in/eg7_S4w View in LinkedIn

NF-KAPPA-B is a critical molecular pathway crossroads in higher animals, including man. It is the activation point for inflammation, generally believed today to be at the root of an increasing list of diseases. https://lnkd.in/eg7_S4w View in LinkedIn

"PLANT IMMUNITY is entirely innate, and relies on the ability of individual cells to activate defense upon pathogen detection by either cell surface or cytoplasmic immune receptors." https://lnkd.in/eeDUeRY View in LinkedIn

ANIMAL IMMUNITY. "All multicellular eukaryotes are susceptible to pathogens. Animal hosts have developed cell-autonomous innate immunity, and chordates have additionally evolved an adaptive immune system to defend against pathogen invasion." https://lnkd.in/eeDUeRY View in LinkedIn

FOE RECOGNITION MACHINERY. "Plant PRRs are surface-localized receptor-like kinases, which comprise a ligand-binding ectodomain and an intracellular kinase domain, or receptor-like proteins, which do not exhibit any known intracellular signaling domain." https://lnkd.in/eRdhX_N View in LinkedIn

FOE RECOGNITION. "Despite being sessile organisms constantly exposed to potential pathogens and pests, plants are surprisingly resilient to infections. Plants can detect invaders via the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)." https://lnkd.in/eRdhX_N View in LinkedIn

CROSS-KINGDOM PATTERNS. "When first isolated 20 years ago, it was surprising to find that structurally similar NLRs could individually confer resistance to strains of plant pathogens from all kingdoms—insects, fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, and viruses." (NOD-like receptors). https://lnkd.in/eNmVQSu View in LinkedIn

IN HIGHER ANIMALS, "innate immunity also lies behind most inflammatory responses; these are triggered in the first instance by macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and mast cells through their innate immune receptors." Plants do not have this overlaid molecular and cellular machinery, but do share the innate receptors. https://lnkd.in/ee_yTe4 View in LinkedIn

"INNATE IMMUNITY is an evolutionarily ancient part of the host defense mechanisms: the same molecular modules are found in plants and animals, meaning that it arose before the split into these two kingdoms. Adaptive immunity is a relative newcomer on the evolutionary landscape." Adaptive immunity only exists in higher animals. https://lnkd.in/ee_yTe4 View in LinkedIn