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THE COMPLEXITY HYPOTHESIS explains differences in horizontal gene transfer susceptibility. "This hypothesis proposes that the so-called informational genes (involved in DNA replication, transcription and translation, and whose products participate in multiple molecular interactions) are less prone to horizontal gene transfer than operational genes (involved in cell maintenance and whose products have few interactions with other molecules)." https://lnkd.in/eVQ_4UY View in LinkedIn

DRIVING FORCE. "Today it seems evident...that horizontal (or lateral) gene transfer...is an important force driving the evolution of Bacteria and Archaea, as well as that of unicellular eukaryotes." https://lnkd.in/eVQ_4UY View in LinkedIn

EXTERNAL GENE ENGINEERING. "Most changes to the metabolic network of Escherichia coli in the past 100 million years have been due to HGT, with little contribution from gene duplication." https://lnkd.in/eXE-r93 View in LinkedIn

FECUNDITY. "The amount of apoptosis that occurs in developing and adult animal tissues can be astonishing. In the developing vertebrate nervous system, for example, up to half or more of the nerve cells normally die soon after they are formed." https://lnkd.in/eaj7Brc View in LinkedIn

Toxic chemicals found in beached pilot whales in Scotland https://lnkd.in/e4bnEu4 View in LinkedIn

"PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH (PCD) or apoptosis is critical for cellular self-destruction for a variety of processes such as development or the prevention of oncogenic transformation. PCD must be tightly controlled since disregulated cell death is involved in the development of a large number of different pathologies. To counter the multitude of processes that are capable of triggering death, cells have devised a large number of cellular processes that serve to prevent inappropriate or premature PCD." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488910002764 View in LinkedIn

ACTIVE GENE EXCHANGE. "A large analysis of almost 120,000 homologous DNA families has recently concluded that plasmids and other vehicles of gene exchange have been and still are mainly responsible for gene exchange among bacterial chromosomes." https://lnkd.in/eXE-r93 View in LinkedIn

WIDESPREAD. "The process of programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics and energy-dependent biochemical mechanisms. Apoptosis is considered a vital component of various processes including normal cell turnover, proper development and functioning of the immune system, hormone-dependent atrophy, embryonic development and chemical-induced cell death." https://lnkd.in/eFmC7Ys View in LinkedIn

MOSTLY IMPORTED GENES. "Recent estimates suggesting that on average 81% of prokaryotic genes have been involved in HGT at some point." https://lnkd.in/e5G7Nk8 View in LinkedIn

SACRIFICING THE WEAK. "All metazoan as well as all protozoan cells examined have the ability to undergo apoptosis when conditions are appropriate. The sacrifice of individual cells that are defective, damaged or otherwise a potential threat to the integrity of the whole organism, or to the colony in the case of protozoans, is thought to be an important survival mechanism." https://lnkd.in/ekVSuhr View in LinkedIn