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ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES. "We also show that ERV abundance follows the Pareto principle or 20/80 rule, with ∼20% of lineages containing 80% of the loci. This rule is observed in many biological systems, including infectious disease epidemics, where commonly ∼20% of the infected individuals are responsible for 80% of onward infection." http://www.pnas.org/content/109/19/7385 View in LinkedIn

GERMLINE INHERITANCE. "Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) differ from typical retroviruses in being inherited through the host germline and therefore are a unique combination of pathogen and selfish genetic element. Some ERV lineages proliferate by infecting germline cells, as do typical retroviruses, whereas others lack the env gene required for virions to enter cells and thus behave like retrotransposons." https://lnkd.in/eCFFh8D View in LinkedIn

PLANTS AND HGT. "The increasing structural complexity of land plants has been accompanied by diversified metabolic pathways and their chemical output. Like other complex multicellular eukaryotes, plants are able to form distinctive structures and coordinate development throughout their lifecycle. Our data clearly show that HGT contributed greatly to the metabolism, development and regulation of land plants." https://lnkd.in/eXQNMSa View in LinkedIn

LARGE CATALOGUE. "A comprehensive list of anti-apoptotic and cell survival genes is difficult to compile. An analysis of the results of searches of the existing literature...revealed a multitude of papers that describe over 150 different unique genes. In addition, there are 785 anti-apoptotic gene entries in the Gene Ontology database (https://lnkd.in/eZ6RHST). The later list is an over estimation." https://lnkd.in/ekVSuhr View in LinkedIn

LAND PLANTS. "In complex multicellular eukaryotes such as animals and plants, horizontal gene transfer is commonly considered rare with very limited evolutionary significance. Here we show that horizontal gene transfer is a dynamic process occurring frequently in the early evolution of land plants." https://lnkd.in/eXQNMSa View in LinkedIn

"AUTOPHAGY, the process by which cells recycle cellular constituents, is a critical adaptation to starvation and plays an important role in normal cell function and in PCD." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488910002764 View in LinkedIn

GLOBAL GENE POOL."Owing to lateral gene transfer, prokaryotes might also be seen as a ‘global superorganism’. On account of a viral linkage to the tree of life, it is maybe more appropriate to regard all microorganisms including viruses as a ‘superorganism’ or part of a global DNA pool, which can in principle be accessed by all species." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00539.x/full View in LinkedIn

PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH. "Necrosis or type III PCD is the cell death that is observed in response to severe stresses such that occurs after physical injury or prolonged ischemia. In fact excessive amount of most apoptotic inducing stimuli will lead to necrosis." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488910002764 View in LinkedIn

RANDOM VARIATION. "In the theory of genetic mosaicism, dsDNA phages have access to the global phage DNA pool by lateral gene transfer. This access is not uniform, e.g. because of host range barriers, thus representing ‘…a sort of random walk through phylogenetic space’." https://lnkd.in/ehNRjAC View in LinkedIn

NECROSIS. "The alternative to apoptotic cell death is necrosis, which is considered to be a toxic process where the cell is a passive victim and follows an energy-independent mode of death. Although the mechanisms and morphologies of apoptosis and necrosis differ, there is overlap between these two processes. Evidence indicates that necrosis and apoptosis represent morphologic expressions of a shared biochemical network described as the “apoptosis-necrosis continuum”. https://lnkd.in/eFmC7Ys View in LinkedIn