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VERY UNUSUAL. "The infection and replication of viruses in the host induce diverse mechanisms for combating viral infection. One of the best-studied antiviral defence mechanisms is based on RNA silencing. Consistently, several viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) have been identified from almost all plant virus genera, which are surprisingly diverse within and across kingdoms, exhibiting no obvious sequence similarities." https://lnkd.in/eaZgcEZ View in LinkedIn

CHANGES OF STATE. "For Shannon, anything is a source of information if it has a number of alternative states that might be realized on a particular occasion. And any other variable carries information about the source of its state is correlated with that of the source." This is at the heart of programmable inert matter. https://lnkd.in/eHPWXiJ View in LinkedIn

SILENCING CONSERVED. "RNA silencing is a conserved sequence-specific gene regulation system, which has an essential role in the development and maintenance of genome integrity in a wide variety of organisms. In higher plants and insects, RNA silencing also operates as an adaptive inducible antiviral defence mechanism." (Good review). https://lnkd.in/eaZgcEZ View in LinkedIn

NOT JUST GENES. "Single proteins contain internal information channels" as shown by biological sender-receiver analysis in single allosteric molecules." https://lnkd.in/eJc-Z-m View in LinkedIn

"THE SILENCING of a gene is a consequence of degradation of RNA into short RNAs that activate ribonucleases to target homologous mRNA. The resulting phenotypes either are identical to those of genetic null mutants or resemble an allelic series of mutants." https://lnkd.in/eity6gi View in LinkedIn

GENES are the modern temple of biological information processing. However, genes are not the only source of biological molecular information. Most, if not all, biological molecules need to receive, process and transmit information in order to function. Often, this is effected by electron chains, conformational changes, relations with structured water, and other types of molecular collaboration. View in LinkedIn

LOGIC GATES. ""Computer chip "and-gates," neural "and-gates" and genetic "and-gates" have some genuine similarities. Less elaborate cascades of this kind can also be found in the endocrinological (hormone-using) systems within the body. Here too, informational language can seem naturally applicable, and may be justified by a similar line of argument." https://lnkd.in/eHPWXiJ View in LinkedIn

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTIONS. "Cells must sense extracellular signals and transfer the information contained about their environment reliably to make appropriate decisions. To perform these tasks, cells use signal transduction networks that are subject to various sources of noise. Here, we study the effects on information transfer of two particular types of noise: basal (leaky) network activity and cell-to-cell variability in the componentry of the network." https://lnkd.in/e59geFP View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE continues from last weekend with the theme of biological information. Our perception of what constitutes biological information is changing. Previously, we considered genes to be the primary repository of-biological information. But today, we acknowledge that information is everywhere. We are even using information in inert materials to program them to do work. View in LinkedIn

HUGE NUMBER. "Mammalian genomes are chronically “infected” by a huge number of endogenous retroviral elements (ERVs) that spread vertically from one host generation to the next as integrated viral genomes or partial genomes in host chromosomes." https://lnkd.in/b9QHr8w View in LinkedIn