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"THE INVENTION OF THE PLACENTA facilitated the evolution of mammals. How the placenta evolved from the simple structure observed in birds and reptiles into the complex organ that sustains human life is one of the great mysteries of evolution." https://lnkd.in/eN_bZTg View in LinkedIn

CELL DEATH IMBALANCE. "We conclude that virus replication itself does not have a major impact on metabolism, but rather the onset of apoptosis causes this metabolic imbalance." http://www.biomedcentral.com/1752-0509/4/61 View in LinkedIn

SECOND GIANT JUMP. "The second involved the incorporation of a large series of retroviral genomes that have contributed to genomic evolution, embryology and adult physiology." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apm.12488/full View in LinkedIn

BUILDING IS COSTLY. "The replication of virus requires energy for synthesis of macromolecules like proteins or, depending on the virus, DNA or RNA. Additionally, in the case of an enveloped virus, the budding of viruses forces cells to a de novo synthesis of membrane lipids." https://lnkd.in/eBn_iXD View in LinkedIn

FIRST GIANT JUMP. "The human genome has experienced two distinct rounds of holobiontic evolutionary change. The first of these involved the incorporation of the bacterial symbiont that gave rise to our human mitochondria, enabling us to breathe oxygen." https://lnkd.in/ecEx-Mq View in LinkedIn

DANGEROUS GAME. "Viruses Cause Host Mitochondrial DNA Depletion. To increase the chance of survival, some viruses appear to have adopted the strategy of damaging the host cell mitochondrial DNA. Since mitochondria act as a source of energy and play an important role in antiviral immunity as well, it is possible that damage to mitochondrial DNA may help in evading mitochondrial antiviral immune responses." https://lnkd.in/eFuy4KS View in LinkedIn

RECEPIE FOR MAN. "The human genome is a holobiontic union of the mammalian nuclear genome, the mitochondrial genome and large numbers of endogenized retroviral genomes." https://lnkd.in/eVHsFRU View in LinkedIn

THE EVOLUTION OF THE PLACENTA and the implantation of a fetus changed the course of biology by permitting the emergence of mammals. Perhaps less known is the fact that this would never have occurred were it not for viral genes that got embedded into the genome early in the development of animals. View in LinkedIn

"ERVs belong to the class of retroelements possessing the three viral genes group-specific antigen (gag), polymerase (pol) and envelope (env) flanked by two long terminal repeats (LTR). Deletions and mutations resulted in inactivation of most of the 400,000 ERV copies, but some sustained an intact open reading frame and are able to express ERV sequences on RNA and protein level. In the majority of cases ERVs will be expressed tissue specific." https://lnkd.in/e8X7a46 View in LinkedIn

SPECIALIZED HERVs. "There is evidence that transcription of at least some HERV families may be differentially regulated depending on the cell type." http://jvi.asm.org/content/79/1/341.full View in LinkedIn