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COMMON BACTERIAL REDUCTION. "Reductive genomic evolution, driven by genetic drift, is common in endosymbiotic bacteria." https://lnkd.in/e9TnyEE View in LinkedIn

ANCIENT REDUCTIONS. "The most compelling evidence of the dominance of genome reduction and simplification was obtained through the reconstruction of the genomic evolution of archaea that almost exclusively are free-living organisms." https://lnkd.in/egqWFZp View in LinkedIn

SECONDARY GAINS. "The reductive trend is countered by proliferation of genes involved in parasite-host interaction such as, for example, ankyrin repeat proteins that act as secreted virulence factors." https://lnkd.in/egqWFZp View in LinkedIn

REDUCTION CONSTRAINTS. "The evolution of the genomes of parasites, symbionts and commensals is not a one-way path of reduction. On the contrary, the reduction ratchet is constrained by the advantages of retaining certain metabolic pathways that complement the host metabolism." https://lnkd.in/egqWFZp View in LinkedIn

COMMENSALS. "Beyond parasites and symbionts, reductive evolution was observed in several groups of organisms that evolved a commensal life style. One of the best-characterized cases involves the Lactobacillales, a group of Gram-positive bacteria that is extremely common in a variety of animal- and plant-associated habitats...substantial gene loss, from ∼3,000 genes in the common ancestor of Bacilli to ∼1,300–1,800 genes in various Lactobacilli species." https://lnkd.in/egqWFZp View in LinkedIn

"DEEP GENOME REDUCTION, with the smallest sequenced genome of only 2.9 Mb, is also observed in Microsporidia, the eukaryotic intracellular parasites that appear to be highly derived fungi. The most extreme genome reduction among eukaryotes is observed in nucleomorphs which are remnants of algal endosymbionts present in cryptophytes and chlorarachniophytes and retain only a few hundred genes." https://lnkd.in/egqWFZp View in LinkedIn

TWO STEP CHANGE. "Microsporidian genome evolution thus appears to have proceeded in at least two major steps: an ancestral remodelling of the proteome upon transition to intracellular parasitism that involved reduction but also selective expansion, followed by a secondary compaction of genome architecture in some, but not all, lineages." https://lnkd.in/eDniEh6 View in LinkedIn

MASSIVE LOSS. "Gene length reduction and massive loss of metabolic capacity in the common ancestor was accompanied by the evolution of novel microsporidian-specific protein families, whose conservation among microsporidians, against a background of reductive evolution, suggests they may have important functions in their parasitic lifestyle." https://lnkd.in/eDniEh6 View in LinkedIn

GENETIC OUTSOURCING. "Phytoplasma genomes lack the pentose phosphate pathway genes and genes encoding F1Fo-type ATP synthase. Therefore, ATP synthesis in phytoplasmas is strongly dependent on glycolysis instead of ATP synthase." Read the well-characterized pathways changed in different host relationships. ATP synthase generates all the energy needs of a cell, a truly radical outsourcing. https://lnkd.in/eEP5JyK View in LinkedIn

CRITICAL ROLE. "I want to convince you of the importance of viruses other than as purveyors of disease, and that if it were not for viruses, life on the planet would probably not exist, or at least we would not exist." https://lnkd.in/e2MHV6z View in LinkedIn