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"THE EARTHWORM GUT has stable conditions different from surrounding environment: permanent anoxia, the pool of free amino acids, organic acids, alcohols, sugars and of hydrogen, the products of organic oligo- and polymer degradation. The gut mucosa could be used as an environment and nutrition by microorganisms, and gut-derived enzymes of earthworms could affect the microbes on the soil particles." https://lnkd.in/ekT4s-F View in LinkedIn

"THE QUESTION arises as to how and why the evolution of higher genetic complexity is connected to non-coding DNA, formerly termed ‘‘junk’’-DNA?" https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

GUT HOST. "The earthworm gut microfauna exists within a discrete environment with significant changes in pH, moisture, oxygen and nutrient availability to the soil, and plays host to community profiles distinct from the soil in which they reside." https://lnkd.in/eCmCiWT View in LinkedIn

EXTRA-GENETIC INHERITANCE. "This even characterizes the rise of epigenetics, i.e., the view that phenotypic variations, which are heritable, need not be connected with genetic alterations." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

GUT SYMBIONTS. "The earthworm plays host to a number of discrete bacterial communities acquired either horizontally from the surrounding soil, as with the gut fauna, or through vertical parental transmission in the cocoon, as observed for the nephridial symbiotes." https://lnkd.in/eCmCiWT View in LinkedIn

DIVERSITY FROM SINGLE SOURCE. "Depending on the organism's state of development, the varying chromatin markers are thus capable through different methylation patterns, histone modifications and alternative splicing of creating a set of ‘‘multiple protein meanings from one and the same genetic data-set." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

ARTIFACTS. "Microorganisms in the earthworm gut and the effect of the gut environment on microbial populations were extensively studied in the past with the classical methods of microbiology. The extensive data on the cultured organisms inhabiting the earthworm-associated ecosystems one should consider with a certain salt grain due to the well-known disadvantages and biases of the plating/culturing techniques." https://lnkd.in/ekT4s-F View in LinkedIn

FORMERLY JUNK. "Clearly, mobile sequences such as transposons and retroposons and non-coding repetitive elements such as LTRs, SINEs and LINEs (long terminal repeats, short interspersed elements, long interspersed elements) enable far-reaching DNA rearrangement and reorganization. Together, they play a decisive role in the evolution of new genomic structures." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

NON-CODING REPETITIVE DNA SEQUENCES. "While bacterial genomes almost lack such repetitive elements, there is a ten-fold increase of such segments in the genome of the eukaryotic yeast cells; in the case of the fruit fly Drosophila, the repetitive elements already amount to 10%, while in humans they reach 97%. These formatting, repetitive elements are a prerequisite for the decisive DNA-editing processes such as expression, replication, repair and recombination." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

MINORITY CODING SEQUENCES. "Within the human genome sequences are only 3% coding for proteins and 97% non-coding ones. But these 3% of the protein-coding sequences match with those of the mouse by up to 99%. Highly developed genomes among mammals contain a nearly identical protein-coding vocabulary." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn