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MICRO-RNAs. "It subsequently became clear that higher-order regulations such as co-suppression, suppression of transposition, position effect variegation, several start- and stop-signals, RNA interference, imprinting, chromosomal methylation, transvection and transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing are processed by micro-RNAs." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

OPPORTUNISTIC AND FLEXIBLE. "Viruses can parasitize almost any replication system, even prebiotic ones, and probably emerged well before the appearance of cellular life forms." (Virus-first theory). https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

BIDIRECTIONAL TRAFFICKING. "Trafficking sRNAs derive from various species, including plants, viruses, and fungi. In most cases, crossover by these RNAs occurs in host-parasites interactions. Unlike miRNAs transferred from plants to mammals, these interactions are not one-sided, but bidirectional." (sRNA = small/microRNA (miRNA)). https://lnkd.in/eqwgs-g View in LinkedIn

ADAPTED MODULAR TOOLS. "Most endogenous retroviruses have been degraded into formerly connected domains, but they can still be recognized by retroposons or one of these three genes, which means their formerly connected genomic content may be used by host organisms as single or networking modular tools for a variety of new regulatory functions." https://lnkd.in/euyhznh View in LinkedIn

JUMPING GENES AND MICRO-RNA. "Long-Terminal Repeat (LTR) Retrotransposons Produce Masses of sRNAs That Provide a Large Selective Pool of sRNA Regulators for Pathogenicity." (sRNA = small/microRNA). https://lnkd.in/evpzgrd View in LinkedIn

RETROVIRAL TAGS. "The gag gene encodes structural proteins, pol encodes enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, protease, ribonuclease and integrase functions, and env encodes envelope proteins, surface and transmembrane proteins and proteins causing host cell fusion and immunosuppression." https://lnkd.in/euyhznh View in LinkedIn

RETROVIRAL VESTIGES. "Retroelements, with their (i) higher-order regulatory functions, (ii) capability for genetic creativity, and (iii) capacity for innovation of new regulatory patterns and combinations descended from retroviruses, which can easily be identified by their three essential parts gag, pol, and env." https://lnkd.in/euyhznh View in LinkedIn

VIRAL REPETITIVE UNITS. "The quantity of remaining former viral-gene embedding repetitive elements (embracing an enormous genetic diversity) originally accompanied the protein-coding sequences as control- and/or identification segments." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

LARGE VIRAL INFLUX TO GENOME. "In this way, thousands of endogenous retroviral sequences have been integrated into the human genome, with 22 independent retroviral families currently having been identified." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

PREDATORY PLANTS. "Quite a few reasons for calling carnivores ‘the most wonderful plants in the world’. We are accustomed to thinking of plants as being immobile and harmless, and this may be a reason for our fascination with carnivorous plants and especially about those that move while trapping." https://lnkd.in/eyitYYX View in LinkedIn