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ONE GENE MANY PROTEINS. "As far as evolutionary processes are concerned, it is naturally much simpler to change or expand a number of very small control sequences than to duplicate an entire network of protein-coding genes. Variations of this higher order regulation can create an enormous spectrum of different protein expression profiles and we can understand at last why one and the same gene can be used for “multiple protein meanings”." https://lnkd.in/eDswHmC View in LinkedIn

RNA WORLD HYPOTHESIS. "The discovery of ribozymes supported a hypothesis, known as the RNA World Hypothesis, that earlier forms of life may have relied solely on RNA to store genetic information and to catalyze chemical reactions. This hypothesis was proposed independently by Carl Woese, Francis Crick and Leslie Orgel in the 1960s -- decades before the discovery of ribozymes -- and soon after the double-helical structure of DNA was determined." https://lnkd.in/eeUzYdR View in LinkedIn

REGULATORY REACH. "The phenotypic variation in complex organisms is the result of a different use of a set of protein-coding core components. The higher order regulation in non-protein-coding genome architecture is able to manage a larger genetic data set in its phenotypic range." https://lnkd.in/eDswHmC View in LinkedIn

FUNDAMENTAL. "No single organism is able to communicate as an emergent property." https://lnkd.in/eydeQqR View in LinkedIn

SOURCE OF VARIATION. "Cellular differentiation and phenotypic variation result primarily from variations in this high order regulation, not in the proteins themselves." https://lnkd.in/eDswHmC View in LinkedIn

COMMUNICATION. "The organization of life depends on successful intra-, inter- and metaorganismic communication processes. Interestingly, rule governed sign mediated interactions are not only the basis for human communication and coordination but a true principle of life itself." https://lnkd.in/eDswHmC View in LinkedIn

GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE SPLIT. "RNA world agents: where the genotype is the phenotype. With the split into a RNA world and a DNA world that codes for proteins with a non-repeat genetic syntax the split between the genotype and the phenotype emerged." https://lnkd.in/eg6uePF View in LinkedIn

COMPLEXITY FROM SIMPLICITY. "Using a finite number of signs and finite number of grammatic, semantic and pragmatic rules, existing rules of sign use can be indefinitely expanded, altered and/or newly combined to yield a new genetic text, new species, genera, organismic kingdoms, new forms of behavior, and new norms of (human) actions." https://lnkd.in/eDswHmC View in LinkedIn

FINITE SIGNS. "Languages (human and non human, bee languages) have a finite number of signs. They stand in relation to each other in an orderly manner which we term syntactic or grammatic rules. These must be followed in a correct way or they fail. Modern biological research documents very clearly, that interactions in and between living organisms are sign mediated and rule governed." https://lnkd.in/eDswHmC View in LinkedIn

"THE STRUCTURE of the genome itself is a linguistic one, more analog in eubacteria, more symbolic in archaebacteria and (higher) eukaryotes." https://lnkd.in/eDswHmC View in LinkedIn