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NOT BY MUTATIONS. "The syncytic gene complex was transferred via a persistent retroviral infection event and not by mutations of previously available genetic sequences." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12570/abstract View in LinkedIn

AVOIDING FETAL REJECTION. "The syncytin genotype enables the mother organism's immune system not to detect the embryonal genotype, which has some non-self genetic identities. The mother's immune system, therefore, cannot reject the embryo until a certain stage of development." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12570/abstract View in LinkedIn

Millions at risk as deadly fungal infections acquire drug resistance http://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/aug/27/millions-at-risk-as-deadly-fungal-infections-acquire-drug-resistance?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this first weekend on the annual metabolic changes of pine trees. Most pine trees live in severe winter conditions, and much of the metabolic adaptation is a response to those changes. Much is understood at a biochemical level today about how these hardy trees have exploited this challenging niche, and developed smart workarounds to these stressors. View in LinkedIn

BIOTIC STRESS TRIGGERS. "Genes of DHNs in fir-tree buds and stems were expressed in response to wounding, drought, and cold stress. Differential expression of DHN genes has been shown for maritime pine: a decrease in DHN gene transcript number was found in fir-tree buds and needles during bud burst. At the proteome level, DHN accumulation has been detected in response to drought in embryogenic cell lines of black spruce and seeds of Colorado pine." (DHNs = Dehydrins). https://lnkd.in/etsa67h View in LinkedIn

COLD RESISTANCE BIOMARKERS. "The appearance of dehydrins (DHNs) in cells is required for the development of cold resistance. DHNs are therefore considered specific markers of cold resistance by some authors. DHNs accumulate in plants concomitantly with a reduction of intracellular water content, and presumably protect membranes and proteins from damage caused by moisture loss." https://lnkd.in/etsa67h View in LinkedIn

SEASONAL PEAKS. "In October, the highest DHN content was found in chloroplasts and mitochondria; in April, in chloroplasts and cell walls. Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain the largest amount of membrane structures, and a lot of DHN may be accumulated there during unfavorable spring and autumn periods to protect internal membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria." (DHNs = Dehydrins). https://lnkd.in/etsa67h View in LinkedIn

PROTECTIVE BOOST. Dehydrin "content in pine needles increases in spring and autumn when moisture availability and temperatures are most unfavorable." https://lnkd.in/etsa67h View in LinkedIn

CHALLENGING FORENSICS. "We also know that all related retro-elements share a common genome-editing capacity similar to transposable elements. Nonetheless, it remains difficult to reconstruct how all these DNA-encoded RNA agents reached a persistent status in hundreds, thousands, and tens of thousands of elements." https://lnkd.in/euyhznh View in LinkedIn

DYNAMIC AND MODULAR. "The exaptations of former (infection-derived) inventions to more more appropriate needs...offering a highly dynamic modular perspective on these interacting agents." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12570/abstract View in LinkedIn